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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 22.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol. 2020 Feb 10;64(10-11):1178–1194. doi: 10.1177/0306624X20904695

Table 2.

Parental Incarceration Group Comparisons on Crime Based on Odds Ratios (95% CI).

Criminal history
	Father versus none^a	Mother versus none^a	Both versus none^a	Mother versus father^a	Both versus father^a	Both versus mother^a
Age	0.96 [0.92, 1.01]	0.98 [0.92, 1.05]	0.95 [0.89, 1.02]	1.02 [0.94, 1.10]	0.99 [0.92, 1.07]	0.97 [0.89, 1.06]
Violent crime	1.13 [0.35, 3.64]	5.97^** [1.72, 20.76]	6.90^** [2.06, 23.10]	5.28^* [1.17, 23.91]	6.10^* [1.36, 27.32]	1.16 [0.24, 5.57]
Drug crime	2.84 [1.03, 7.86]	0.88 [0.23, 3.27]	0.79 [0.21, 3.02]	0.31 [0.07, 1.40]	0.28 [0.06, 1.32]	0.91 [0.17, 4.99]
Property crime	1.85 [0.70, 4.90]	1.11 [0.29, 4.29]	1.90 [0.51, 7.13]	0.60 [0.13, 2.75]	1.03 [0.23, 4.66]	1.72 [0.32, 9.35]
Fraud	2.77 [1.09, 7.05]	2.26 [0.63, 8.14]	0.51 [0.10, 2.62]	0.81 [0.20, 3.38]	0.19 [0.03, 1.05]	0.23 [0.03, 1.49]

Note. CI = confidence interval.

^a

Reference group.

^*

p < .05.

^**

p < .01.