Table 4. Simple logistic regression.
| Variables | Frequency | Albuminuria | X2 (df) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | ||||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 119 | 31 (26.1%) | 88 (73.9%) | 0.13 (1) | 0.721 |
| Female | 121 | 34 (28.1%) | 87 (71.9%) | ||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Malay | 204 | 55 (27.0%) | 149 (73.0%) | 3.60 (3) | 0.345a |
| Chinese | 14 | 2 (14.3%) | 12 (85.7%) | ||
| Indian | 20 | 8 (40.0%) | 12 (60.0%) | ||
| Others | 2 | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (100.0%) | ||
| Age (years) | |||||
| <60 | 213 | 49 (23.0%) | 164 (77.0%) | 15.95 (1) | <0.001 |
| ≥60 | 27 | 16 (59.3%) | 11 (40.7%) | ||
| High education background? | |||||
| Yes | 132 | 23 (17.4%) | 109 (82.6%) | 13.86 (1) | <0.001 |
| No | 108 | 42 (38.9%) | 66 (61.1%) | ||
| Working status | |||||
| Not working | 84 | 28 (33.3%) | 56 (66.7%) | 2.56 (1) | 0.110 |
| Working | 156 | 37 (23.7%) | 119 (76.3%) | ||
| Monthly household income –B40? | |||||
| No | 115 | 19 (16.5%) | 96 (83.5%) | 12.47 (1) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 125 | 46 (36.8%) | 79 (63.2%) | ||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Not smoking | 136 | 36 (26.5%) | 100 (73.5%) | 0.06 (1) | 0.807 |
| Smoking | 104 | 29 (27.9%) | 75 (72.1%) | ||
| Obese | |||||
| No | 134 | 31 (23.1%) | 103 (76.9%) | 2.40 (1) | 0.122 |
| Yes | 106 | 34 (32.1%) | 72 (67.9%) | ||
| Hypertensive | |||||
| No | 176 | 38 (21.6%) | 138 (78.4%) | 10.08 (1) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 64 | 27 (42.2%) | 37 (57.8%) | ||
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | 224 | 55 (24.6%) | 169 (75.4%) | 10.89 (1) | 0.002 |
| Yes | 16 | 10 (62.5%) | 6 (37.5%) | ||
| Dyslipidaemia | |||||
| No | 230 | 63 (27.4%) | 167 (72.6%) | 0.27 (1) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 10 | 2 (20.0%) | 8 (80.0%) | ||
| Urine cadmium level | |||||
| Low | 116 | 13 (11.2%) | 103 (88.8%) | 28.66 (1) | <0.001 |
| High | 124 | 52 (41.9%) | 72 (58.1%) | ||