FIGURE 1.
Mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) immunomodulation toward lymphoid and myeloid cells as evidenced in preclinical in vivo studies. NK, natural killer cell; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil; MΦ, macrophage; MDSC, myeloid‐derived suppressor cell; DC, dendritic cell; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; IDO, Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase; HLA‐G, human leukocyte antigen‐G; TGF‐β, transforming growth factor beta; Gal, galectin; IL, Interleukin; NO, nitric oxide; HO‐1, heme oxygenase‐1; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; PD‐L, programmed death‐ligand; IL‐1RA, interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist; CCL2, chemokine ligand 2; TSG‐6, TNF‐stimulated gene 6 protein; SOD3, superoxide dismutase 3; SCT‐1, stanniocalcin‐1; IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor‐1; KGF, keratinocyte growth factor; GRO‐γ, growth related oncogene γ. Cell‐contact factors are denoted in brackets