Table 2.
Ordinary Least Squares Regression of Cognitive Function among Older Adults age 50+ in India, Mexico, and China Using Only Tasks Common Across Studies
| Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) | Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) | China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | β (SE) | |
| Cooking Fuel1 (Ref: Clean) | |||||||||
| Polluting Cooking Fuel | −0.364*** (0.010) |
−0.171*** (0.009) |
−0.115*** (0.010) |
−0.479*** (0.031) |
−0.224*** (0.029) |
−0.111*** (0.031) |
−0.221*** (0.018) |
−0.106*** (0.016) |
−0.052*** (0.016) |
| Urban2 | |||||||||
| More Urban Area | 0.418*** (0.011) |
0.196*** (0.010) |
0.178*** (0.010) |
0.287*** (0.024) |
0.114*** (0.022) |
0.076*** (0.022) |
0.378*** (0.021) |
0.197*** (0.017) |
0.148*** (0.017) |
| Basic Demographics | |||||||||
| Age | −0.025*** (0.000) |
−0.020*** (0.000) |
−0.021*** (0.000) |
−0.047*** (0.001) |
−0.034*** (0.001) |
−0.034*** (0.001) |
−0.026*** (0.001) |
−0.016*** (0.001) |
−0.016*** (0.001) |
| Female | −0.448*** (0.007) |
−0.174*** (0.007) |
−0.192*** (0.007) |
0.070*** (0.015) |
0.146*** (0.014) |
0.139*** (0.014) |
−0.244*** (0.016) |
−0.001 (0.017) |
−0.007 (0.016) |
| Marital Status (Ref: Married/Partnered) | |||||||||
| Widowed | −0.214*** (0.011) |
−0.129*** (0.010) |
−0.118*** (0.010) |
−0.125*** (0.024) |
−0.100*** (0.022) |
−0.072*** (0.022) |
−0.140*** (0.031) |
−0.074*** (0.025) |
−0.073*** (0.024) |
| Divorced/Separated/Never Married | −0.095** (0.029) |
−0.094*** (0.025) |
−0.083*** (0.025) |
−0.031 (0.022) |
−0.063** (0.020) |
−0.022 (0.020) |
−0.121** (0.051) |
−0.110** (0.054) |
−0.103* (0.058) |
| Education3 (Ref: No education) | |||||||||
| Low Education | 0.504*** (0.010) |
0.473*** (0.010) |
0.591*** (0.026) |
0.560*** (0.026) |
0.455*** (0.021) |
0.444*** (0.021) |
|||
| Mid Education | 0.840*** (0.011) |
0.796*** (0.011) |
0.819*** (0.027) |
0.770*** (0.027) |
0.791*** (0.021) |
0.767*** (0.020) |
|||
| High Education | 1.166*** (0.012) |
1.098*** (0.012) |
1.168*** (0.027) |
1.073*** (0.028) |
1.093*** (0.029) |
1.038*** (0.028) |
|||
| Wealth Quartile (Ref: Q1) | |||||||||
| Wealth Q2 | 0.033** (0.011) |
0.013 (0.021) |
0.039* (0.020) |
||||||
| Wealth Q3 | 0.061*** (0.012) |
0.061** (0.021) |
0.059*** (0.023) |
||||||
| Wealth Q4 (Highest) | 0.080*** (0.012) |
0.070** (0.021) |
0.065** (0.029) |
||||||
| Consumption Quartile (Ref: Q1) | |||||||||
| Per Capita Cons Q2 | −0.003 (0.011) |
0.089*** (0.023) |
0.072*** (0.019) |
||||||
| Per Capita Cons Q3 | 0.028* (0.012) |
0.092*** (0.022) |
0.118*** (0.020) |
||||||
| Per Capita Cons Q4 (Highest) | 0.044*** (0.012) |
0.157*** (0.023) |
0.184*** (0.025) |
||||||
| Number of Indicators of Poor Housing (Ref: 0) | |||||||||
| 1 | −0.073*** (0.010) |
−0.114*** (0.023) |
−0.030 (0.020) |
||||||
| 2+ | −0.173*** (0.011) |
−0.205*** (0.038) |
−0.051** (0.021) |
||||||
Note: Source: authors’ own calculation using data from the 2017–2019 LASI, 2015 MHAS, and 2013 CHARLS. “Low Education” was defined as 1–5 years in all studies. β indicates parameter estimate. SE indicates standard error.
denotes p<0.05.
denotes p<0.01,
denotes p<0.001.
“Mid Education” was defined as 6 years in MHAS/CHARLS and 6–9 years in LASI. “High Education” is 7+ years in MHAS/CHARLS and 10+ in LASI. More urban is defined as a locality with more than 2,500 residents in MHAS and more than 5,000 in LASI whereas rural/urban classifications in CHARLS are based on definitions from the National Bureau of Statistics in China incorporating area level factors including population density. Sample sizes in LASI, MHAS, and CHARLS are 50,532, 12,883, and 12,913, respectively.