Figure 2. Disparate effects of βOHB and butyrate on gene expression in primary adipocytes, macrophages, myocytes, and hepatocytes.

(A) Expression levels (log₂CPM) of Bdh1 and monocarboxylate transporters Mct1, Mct2, and Mct7 in relation to Gapdh. (B) Volcano plots showing log₂[fold-change] (x-axis) and the −10log of the raw P-value (y-axis) for every cell type treated with βOHB and butyrate. The grey line indicates P = 0.001. (C) Number of genes significantly (P < 0.001) altered by treatment with βOHB and butyrate. (D) Hierarchical clustering of βOHB and butyrate-treated samples. (E) Hierarchical biclustering of βOHB and butyrate-treated samples visualized in a heat map. Clustered are significant differentially expressed genes based on Pearson correlation with average linkage. Red indicates up-regulated, blue indicates down-regulated. Black rectangle marks genes that appear similarly regulated by βOHB and butyrate in myocytes.