TABLE 3.

Percent change in markers of inflammation levels by quintile of kitchen BC 48-h means in single-pollutant models^a

		TNF-α (n = 177)				IL-1β (n = 177)				IL-10 (n = 177)				CRP (n = 164)
BC quintile medians		Change (%)	95%	CI	p-value	Change(%)	95%	CI	p-value	Change(%)	95%	CI	p-value	Change(%)	95%	CI	p-value
Kitchen BC (μg/m3)
1	36	Reference
2	94	1	−17	22	0.923	−20	−47	22	0.295	−10	−31	16	0.414	−12	−48	47	0.623
3	171	−1	−18	21	0.948	−8	−41	42	0.697	−29	−46	−7	0.014	−31	−60	19	0.179
4	260	19	−2	46	0.085	−36	−59	0.5	0.052	−26	−44	−2	0.037	−30	−60	22	0.206
5	380	13	−8	39	0.235	−20	−49	26	0.335	−18	−39	8	0.158	−27	−59	29	0.274
Linear trend significanceb		0.129				0.083				0.126				0.188

Note: Participants are grouped into quintiles of BC 48-h mean levels. Results shown from each model correspond to quintiles of BC levels as the independent variable and each marker of inflammation as the outcome variable.

Abbreviations: BC, black carbon; BMI, body mass index; IL-10, anti-inflammation marker; TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP, markers associated with a pro-inflammatory response.

^aEach marker of inflammation model includes the following covariates: BC quintiles, age, BMI, wealth quintile, season, and type of fuel.

^bp-values of linear trends were obtained using t tests on log-transformed continuous BC concentrations.