TABLE 4.

Percent change in markers of inflammation by quintiles of kitchen BC 48-h mean in multi-pollutant models controlling for PM_2.5and CO^a

		TNF-α (n = 167)				IL-1β (n = 167)				IL-10 (n = 167)
BC quintile medians		Change(%)	95 %	CI	p-value	Change (%)	95 %	CI	p-value	Change (%)	95 %	CI	p-value
Kitchen BC (μg/m3)
1	36	Reference
2	94	5	−16	32	0.657	−19	−52	36	0.422	−18	−41	13	0.227
3	171	7	−17	38	0.600	−14	−52	54	0.608	−37	−56	−9	0.014
4	260	36	5	76	0.022	−39	−66	11	0.102	−36	−56	−7	0.019
5	380	27	−4	68	0.098	−31	−64	31	0.257	−31	−54	4	0.075
Linear trend significanceb		0.053				0.025				0.027
Use of wood		−13	−25	0.1	0.052	69	22	134	0.002	−14	−30	5	0.146

Abbreviations: BC, black carbon; BMI, body mass index; CO, carbon monoxide; IL-10, anti-inflammation marker; PM_2.5, fine particulate matter; TNF-α and IL-1β, markers associated with a pro-inflammatory response.

^aEach marker of inflammation model includes the following covariates: age, BMI, wealth quintile, season, type of fuel (use of wood and dung vs. only dung) and quintiles of BC, PM_2.5, and CO; results shown include quintiles of BC levels as the independent variable and each marker of inflammation as the outcome variable.

^bp-values of linear trends were obtained using t tests on log-transformed continuous BC concentrations.