TABLE 5.

Percent change in markers of inflammation by quintiles of kitchen area BC and NO₂ in multi-pollutant model in subsample of 92 participants^a

TNF-α (n = 92)				IL-1β (n = 92)				IL-10 (n = 92)
Change (%)	95 %	CI	p-value	Change (%)	95 %	CI	p-value	Change (%)	95 %	CI	p-value
Kitchen NO2
Reference
0	−25	34	0.997	−58	−77	−23	0.006	15	−13	51	0.318
6	−23	47	0.709	−33	−66	31	0.233	5	−23	42	0.768
−7	−38	39	0.719	−70	−87	−31	0.005	8	−26	58	0.669
0	−33	49	0.985	−58	−82	−3	0.043	35	−7	96	0.113
Linear trend significanceb	0.737			0.347				0.678
Kitchen BC
Reference
7	−23	47	0.687	74	−11	239	0.105	−28	−46	−2	0.036
−8	−38	34	0.648	−16	−62	86	0.660	−43	−60	−18	0.003
33	−12	99	0.172	−15	−63	99	0.709	−35	−55	−5	0.028
42	−8	120	0.113	6	−57	161	0.905	−35	−57	−2	0.041
Linear trend significanceb	0.140			0.221				0.030

Abbreviations: BC, black carbon; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CO, carbon monoxide; IL-10, anti-inflammation marker; NO₂, nitrogen dioxide; PM_2.5, fine particulate matter; TNF-α and IL-1β, markers associated with a pro-inflammatory response.

^aEach marker of inflammation model includes the following covariates: age, BMI, wealth quintile, season, type of fuel (use of wood and dung vs. only dung), and quintiles of BC, NO₂, PM_2.5, and CO.

^bp-values of linear trends were obtained using t tests on log-transformed continuous pollutant concentrations.