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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Int. 2021 May 15;156:106633. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106633

Table 4.

Associations of phthalate metabolites with hormones stratified by menopause status.

Menopause Status Phthalate Estradiol P int Testosterone P int Progesterone P int SHBG P int FSH P int AMH P int
% change in hormones for every 2-fold increase in phthalate concentrations
Pre MCPP 1.2 (−1.8, 4.2) 0.77 0.3 (−3.4, 4.2) 0.43 3.7 (−1.6, 9.3) 0.35 −2.5 (−5.2, 0.3) 0.70 −3.7 (−8.6, 1.5) 0.21 3.8 (−2.3, 10.2) 0.50
Peri 2.4 (−4.4, 9.7) −1.7 (−7.4, 4.4) 1.3 (−7.4, 10.9) −1.5 (−6.3, 3.5) 2.3 (−10.0, 16.3) −0.4 (−3.9, 3.2)
Pre MBzP 1.8 (−2.2, 6.0) 0.96 0.4 (−4.5, 5.6) 0.26 4.9 (−2.2, 12.5) 0.65 1.0 (−2.7, 4.9) 0.59 -9.0 (−15.0, −2.5) 0.08 7.5 (−0.8, 16.5) 0.15
Peri 1.4 (−7.6, 11.3) −4.7 (−12.1, 3.2) 0.0 (−11.4, 12.9) 3.8 (−2.9, 10.9) 7.3 (−9.7, 27.5) 1.9 (−2.8, 6.9)
Pre ∑DEHP 6.0 (1.5, 10.8) 0.99 0.0 (−5.4, 5.7) 0.59 9.4 (1.4, 18.2) 0.83 1 (−3.1, 5.2) 0.76 −7.1 (−13.9, 0.3) 0.30 6.7 (−2.3, 16.5) 0.08
Peri 2.0 (−7.2, 12.1) 2.9 (−5.1, 11.6) 5.0 (−7.2, 18.8) 1.3 (−5.3, 8.4) 4.2 (−12.5, 24.1) −1.4 (−6.1, 3.5)
Pre ∑Plastics 5.8 (1.0, 10.8) 0.77 0.8 (−4.9, 6.8) 0.87 10.8 (2.2, 20.1) 0.89 0.7 (−3.5, 5.2) 0.69 -8.8 (−15.8, −1.2) 0.20 8.2 (−1.4, 18.8) 0.06
Peri 3.0 (−7.0, 14.2) 1.8 (−6.8, 11.3) 6.6 (−6.8, 21.9) 1.7 (−5.5, 9.5) 5.5 (−12.8, 27.7) −1.1 (−6.2, 4.2)
Pre MEP 1.3 (−1.6, 4.3) 0.60 −1.2 (−4.8, 2.5) 0.13 4.2 (−1.1, 9.7) 0.41 0.5 (−2.2, 3.3) 0.71 1.7 (−3.4, 7.0) 0.37 −2.1 (−7.7, 3.9) 0.99
Peri −1.4 (−7.4, 5.0) 2.4 (−3.0, 8.1) 7.8 (−0.6, 17) 0.4 (−4.0, 5.0) 7.0 (−4.7, 20.2) −2.5 (−5.6, 0.7)
Pre MBP 3.5 (−1.7, 8.9) 0.68 1.4 (−4.9, 8.2) 0.69 8.4 (−0.9, 18.5) 0.45 −0.5 (−5.1, 4.4) 0.15 −7.5 (−15.3, 1.1) 0.43 10.2 (−0.5, 22.1) 0.32
Peri 1.8 (−8.3, 13.1) 3.8 (−5.2, 13.6) 1.6 (−11.4, 16.6) 5.8 (−1.8, 14.1) −0.1 (−17.8, 21.4) 2.5 (−2.9, 8.2)
Pre MiBP 3.4 (−1.5, 8.6) 0.51 2.7 (−3.4, 9.1) 0.04 7.1 (−1.6, 16.5) 0.60 −0.2 (−4.6, 4.4) 0.14 −1.2 (−9.2, 7.5) 0.56 2.6 (−6.9, 13.1) 0.72
Peri 9.3 (−1.2, 20.9) 14.8 (5.4, 25.2) 4.3 (−8.6, 19.1) 7.3 (−0.2, 15.4) −7.3 (−23.3, 11.9) 3.3 (−1.9, 8.9)
Pre ∑PCP 1.8 (−2.3, 6.1) 0.70 −0.7 (−5.6, 4.6) 0.22 5.3 (−2.0, 13.1) 0.54 1.0 (−2.8, 4.9) 0.67 1.2 (−5.7, 8.7) 0.59 1.0 (−7.0, 9.7) 0.68
Peri −0.1 (−7.2, 7.5) 3.0 (−3.3, 9.8) 9.3 (−0.7, 20.3) 1.3 (−3.9, 6.8) 5.0 (−8.4, 20.3) −2.0 (−5.6, 1.8)
Pre ∑Phthalates 4.2 (−0.6, 9.2) 0.64 −0.8 (−6.5, 5.3) 0.27 7.9 (−0.7, 17.1) 0.52 1.0 (−3.3, 5.5) 0.72 −1.9 (−9.6, 6.4) 0.34 5.4 (−4.1, 15.9) 0.20
Peri 0.7 (−7.8, 9.9) 3.7 (−3.9, 11.8) 12.5 (0.4, 26.1) 1.1 (−5.1, 7.7) 6.3 (−9.7, 25.1) −2.4 (−6.7, 2.1)
Pre ∑AA 7.7 (2.2, 13.4) 0.44 0.7 (−5.7, 7.5) 0.29 12.6 (2.8, 23.3) 0.81 0.4 (−4.3, 5.4) 0.15 -9.8 (−17.6, −1.3) 0.38 12.3 (1.2, 24.7) 0.07
Peri 9.2 (−2.9, 22.7) 7.7 (−2.7, 19.2) 12.2 (−3.8, 30.7) 6.8 (−1.8, 16.2) 0.8 (−18.9, 25.5) 0.3 (−5.6, 6.5)

Data are presented as % change in hormones for every 2-fold increase in phthalate metabolite (ng/mL or nmol/mL) in pre- and peri-menopausal women from linear regression models adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, employment status, education, income, marital status, alcohol consumption, smoking status, physical activity, medication use, and BMI. In separate models, an interaction between phthalate and menopause status was included to formally test for effect modification by menopause status, and the resulting P-value (Pint) is provided in the table. CI, confidence interval; AMH, anti-Mullerian hormone; BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; SHBG, sex hormone binding globulin. n = 461 and 257 for pre- and peri-menopausal women, respectively.