Table 1.
Anthropometric, hemodynamic and biohumoral characteristics, stratified according to AHI values.
| Variables | All | Group 0 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 411) | (n = 40) | (n = 93) | (n = 116) | (n = 162) | ||
| Age, years | 61.3 ± 10.7 | 61 ± 10.5 | 61.1 ± 9.9 | 61.6 ± 11.1 | 61.3 ±11 | 0.979 |
| Gender, m/f | 303/108 | 24/16 | 60/33 | 78/38 | 141/21 | <0.0001* |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.9 ± 7.1 | 29.4 ± 5.6 | 33.1 ± 5.6 | 33.6 ± 6.8 | 35.7 ± 7.8 | <0.0001# |
| WC, cm | 111.9 ± 14.8 | 102.0 ± 13.3 | 110.7 ± 12.8 | 111.4 ± 15.4 | 115.7 ± 14.7 | <0.0001+ |
| Smokers, n (%) | 96 (23.3) | 14 (35) | 25 (26.9) | 26 (22.4) | 31 (19.1) | 0.148* |
| AH, n (%) | 292 (71) | 28 (70) | 66 (70.9) | 82 (70.7) | 116 (71.6) | 0.053* |
| Obesity, n (%) | 281 (68.4) | 17 (42.5) | 63 (67.7) | 78 (67.2) | 123 (75.9) | 0.0007* |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 134 (32.6) | 10 (25) | 24 (25.8) | 39 (33.6) | 61 (37.6) | 0.176* |
| COPD, n (%) | 37 (9) | 4 (10) | 9 (9.7) | 11 (9.5) | 13 (8) | 0.955* |
| SpO2, (%) | 93.4 ± 1.5 | 94.4 ± 1.8 | 93.3 ± 1.3 | 93.3 ± 1.5 | 93.3 ± 1.5 | <0.0001x |
| SBP, mmHg | 131.2 ± 15.9 | 129.0 ± 16.5 | 131.0 ± 17.4 | 130.2 ± 12.4 | 132.5 ± 17.2 | 0.518 |
| DBP, mmHg, | 77.6 ± 9.9 | 76.3 ± 9.6 | 77.5 ± 10.3 | 76.6 ± 9.2 | 78.6 ± 10.1 | 0.364 |
| PP, mmHg | 53.6 ± 12.9 | 52.6 ± 13.0 | 53.5 ± 13.7 | 53.4 ± 10.8 | 53.9 ± 13.7 | 0.953 |
| HR, bpm | 70.7 ± 10.2 | 69.1 ± 9.9 | 69.8 ± 10.5 | 72.3 ± 10.2 | 70.4 ± 10.8 | 0.315 |
| Glycemia, mg/dL | 109.2 ± 34.6 | 99.2 ± 17.5 | 104.4 ± 20.7 | 111.8 ± 38.1 | 112.8 ± 40.9 | 0.067 |
| Insulinemia, mU/mL | 16.0 ± 8.3 | 13.9 ± 5.8 | 13.0 ± 6.6 | 16.4 ± 7.4 | 19.0 ± 9.8 | <0.0001‡ |
| HOMA | 3.9 ± 1.9 | 3.1 ± 1 | 3.7 ± 1.6 | 4.3 ± 2.4 | 4.0 ± 2 | <0.027° |
| Cholesterol, mg/dL | 179.9 ± 39.9 | 193 ± 42.0 | 179.7 ± 41.7 | 178.3 ± 37.4 | 177.9 ± 39.3 | 0.184 |
| HDL, mg/dL | 46.9 ± 20.2 | 51.5 ± 14.6 | 47.4 ± 12.1 | 45.6 ± 11.8 | 46.4 ± 28.2 | 0.443 |
| LDL, mg/dL | 118.3 ± 38.3 | 126.4 ± 39.5 | 118.4 ± 41.0 | 115.5 ± 35.6 | 118.2 ± 38.4 | 0.500 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 88.7 ± 20.7 | 88.8 ± 18.2 | 95.2 ± 20.4 | 88.3 ± 15.8 | 84.7 ± 21.9 | 0.001a |
| Serum UA, mg/dL | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.5 | <0.0001b |
| hs-CRP, mg/dL | 3.9 ± 3.3 | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 2.2 | 3.9 ± 2.4 | 4.8 ± 3.8 | <0.0001c |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD; (*) chi-square test.
AHI, apnea hypopnea index; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; AH, arterial hypertension; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SpO2, peripheral arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HR, heart rate; HOMA, homeostatic model assessment; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; UA, uric acid; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
Group 0, AHI <5; Group 1, 5 ≤ AHI < 15; Group 2, 15 ≤ AHI < 30; Group 3, AHI ≥ 30.
Bonferroni post-hoc analysis:
Group 0 vs. 1, p = 0.024; Group 0 vs. 2, p = 0.006; Group 0 vs. 3, p < 0.0001.
Group 0 vs. 1, p < 0.001; Group 0 vs. 2–3, p < 0.0001.
Group 0 vs. 2, p = 0.044.
Group 0 vs. 1, p = 0.019; Group 0 vs. 2, p = 0.008; Group 0 vs. 3, p < 0.0001.
Group 0 vs. 3. p = 0.014.
Group 1 vs. 3, p < 0.0001.
Group 0 vs. 2, p = 0.003; Group 0 vs. 3, p < 0.0001; Group 1 vs. 3, p = 0.002.
Group 0 vs. 3, p < 0.0001; Group 1 vs. 3, p < 0.0001.