TABLE 1.
Altered local translation in neurological disorders.
| Neurological disorder | Functional consequence | Possible translational mechanism in axons | Developmental process potentially affected | References |
| Fragile X syndrome | Reduced Sema3A-induced growth cone collapse in Fmr1 knockout hippocampal neurons | Sema3A-induced translation of Map1B mRNA; Map1B mRNA is bound by FMRP | Axon growth and guidance | Antar et al., 2006; Li et al., 2009; Takabatake et al., 2020 |
| Fragile X syndrome | Unknown | FMRP-mediated translation of Munc18-1 mRNA | Synaptogenesis | Parvin et al., 2019 |
| Fragile X syndrome | Impaired NGF-induced axonal elongation in FMRP knockdown or miR-181d overexpressing neurons | FMRP-miR-181d interaction regulates translation of Map1B and calmodulin mRNAs | Microtubule stabilization during axon elongation | Wang et al., 2015 |
| Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome and Intellectual disability | DSCAM overexpression results in decreased axon length in mouse hippocampal neurons and impaired synaptic targeting in Drosophila FMRP knockout animals | Dscam mRNA colocalizes with FMRP and CPEB1 (hippocampal neurons); FMRP binds to Dscam mRNA (Drosophila); DSCAM is locally translated in growth cones (hippocampal neurons) | Axon growth and synaptogenesis | Cvetkovska et al., 2013; Jain and Welshhans, 2016 |
| ASD and Intellectual disability | Loss of APC results in reduced social interest and repetitive behavior in mice | APC binds to β2B-tubulin and β-catenin mRNAs | Neuron migration and Axon outgrowth | Barth et al., 2008; Fortress et al., 2013; Mohn et al., 2014; Preitner et al., 2014 |
| ASD and Down syndrome | Unknown | Mena is necessary for the local translation of Dyrk1a | Axon growth and guidance | Vidaki et al., 2017 |
| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease | Expression of CMT2b Rab7a mutants results in deficits in axon guidance and viability | Rab7a endosomes carry mRNAs and are sites of local protein synthesis | Axon growth and guidance | Cioni et al., 2019 |
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy | Impaired axon outgrowth in SMA mouse model | Loss of SMN results in mislocalization of β-actin and GAP-43 mRNAs | Axon outgrowth | Rossoll et al., 2003; Fallini et al., 2016 |