Table 1.
species | behaviour | cycles/second (Hz) | context | social? |
---|---|---|---|---|
bobwhite [30] | gait | 1.5–4.5 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
guineafowl [30] | gait | 0.7–3 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
turkey [30] | gait | 1.2–2.2 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
emu [30] | gait | 1–1.5 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
rhea [30] | gait | 0.8–1.5 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
ostrich [30] | gait | 0.8–1.3 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
human [30] | gait | 0.7–1.2 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
painted quail [30] | gait | 2–7 | naturally occurring | maybe(a) |
macaque [34] | teeth chattering | 5.7 mean | naturally occurring | yes |
C. sea lion [35] | in air non-directed barking | 2.1 mean | naturally occurring | yes |
C. sea lion [35] | in air directed barking | 2.5 mean | naturally occurring | yes |
C. sea lion [35] | underwater non-directed barking | 1 | naturally occurring | yes |
C. sea lion [35] | underwater directed barking | 1.4 | naturally occurring | yes |
bonobo [36] | contest hooting | 3–4 | naturally occurring | yes |
Thailand fireflies [3] | flashing | 1.8 | naturally occurring | yes |
ostracode crustaceans [37] | flashing | 0.3–2 | naturally occurring | yes |
ponyfish [12] | flashing | 1.8 | naturally occurring | yes |
cicada [38] | ticking | 16–25 | naturally occurring | yes |
cicada [38] | buzzing | 3.6–6.7 | naturally occurring | yes |
katydid [39] | chirps (stridulation) | 1.8–5.0 | naturally occurring | yes |
katydid [39] | forewing strid | 14–250 | naturally occurring | yes |
snowy tree cricket [40] | chirps (stridulation) | 2.2–2.6 | naturally occurring | yes |
Japanese tree frog [41] | vocal chorusing | 3.5 | naturally occurring | yes |
fiddler crab [14] | claw waving | 1.7 | naturally occurring | yes |
dolphin [42] | surfacing while travelling | 0.003–0.009 | naturally occurring | yes |
dolphin [43] | breathing interval | 0.01–0.2 | naturally occurring | yes |
right whale dolphin [44] | burst pulses | 4–11.3 | naturally occurring | maybe(b) |
bottlenose dolphin [22] | whistles | 1–6 | naturally occurring | yes |
gelada [45] | synch calls | 2–3.5 | naturally occurring | yes |
male mouse [46] | ultrasonic vocalizations | 1.3–5.4 | naturally occurring | yes |
bat [47] | echolocation | 5–200 | naturally occurring | maybe(b) |
human [31] | daily movement | 2 mean | naturally occuring | maybe(b) |
human [48] | music tempo | 2 mean | averaged from popular songs | maybe(b) |
Snowball (cockatoo) [49] | bobbing | 1.7–2.2 | untrained to music, experimental | maybe(c) |
bonobo [50] | one-hand drumming | 4.2–4.8 | untrained, experimental | maybe(c) |
giraffe [33] | gait | 1.3 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
buffalo [33] | gait | 2.2 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
eland [33] | gait | 2.7 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
zebra [33] | gait | 3 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
wildebeest [33] | gait | 2.9 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
hartebeest [33] | gait | 2.3 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
topi [33] | gait | 2.5 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
warthog [33] | gait | 3.5 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
impala [33] | gait | 2.3 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
Thomson's gazelle [33] | gait | 3 | chased to run, field | maybe(a) |
budgerigars [51] | pecking | 0.6–2.2 | trained, experimental | maybe(b) |
macaque [18] | tapping | 1–2.2 | trained, experimental | maybe(c) |
chimpanzee [52] | tapping | 2.2–2.8 | trained, experimental | maybe(c) |
Ronan (C. sea lion) [53] | bobbing | 1.2–2.3 | trained, experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 4–5 [54] | tapping | 2.4–5 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 6–7 [54] | tapping | 2.5–5.7 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 8–9 [54] | tapping | 1.4–3.1 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 10–12 [54] | tapping | 1.4–3.3 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 18–38 [54] | tapping | 1.1–2.9 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 39–59 [54] | tapping | 1.3–4.4 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 60–74 [54] | tapping | 1.2–2.9 | experimental | maybe(c) |
human age 75+ [54] | tapping | 1.2–2.5 | experimental | maybe(c) |