Table 2.

Summary table of rhythmic interactive signalling in dyads across taxa. Although many signalling modalities have been proposed, the distinctions between them are often murky, hence, in the spirit of simplicity and to avoid confusion, we only include the main ones: auditory (A), visual (V) and tactile (T). Bioluminescent signals enhance visual perception [145] and are grouped under the visual modality. Vibratory signals are substrate-borne signals that are perceived using mechanoreceptors [146], similar to touch, hence they are considered part of the tactile modality. Cases where no empirical evidence was found are represented by a long dash (—).

composition of dyad	interaction context	taxonomic group
		mammals (including humans)	birds	anurans	insects
kin
parent–offspring	social	A, V	A, V	—	—
social group member	social	A, V	A, V	—	—
non-kin
social group member	social	A, V	A, V	—	—
male–female	sexual	A, V	A, V	A	A, V, T
male–male	sexual	A, V	A, V	A	A, V, T