Table 1.

Overview of rhythmic abilities shown in different species, with (non-exhaustive) associated references.

task/ability	rhythmic component	species
implicit perception: leverage rhythmic structure for task performance	isochrony	humans [20,76–80]; zebra finches [89]
	pattern	humans [20,21]
	beat; metrical structure	humans [21,81–83]
explicit perception: discriminate differences in rhythmic structure	pattern similarity	humans [10,19,64,65]; starlings [68]; zebra finches [69]; crickets [70]; katydids [70]; frogs [70]; budgerigars [71]; rats [72]; jackdaws [73]
	rate (isochronous)	humans [4,48]; starlings [57]; pigeons [55]; canaries [58]; budgerigars [58]; crickets [61]; frogs [59]
	rate (non-isochronous)	humans [4]
	isochrony	humans [3,47–49]; rats [51]; starlings [52,53]; zebra finches [54,56]
	beat; metrical structure	humans [4,40–44]; budgerigars [71]
	synchrony between rhythm and metronome	humans [45,46]
paced production: synchronize movement to pacing signal	isochronous	humans [91,92]; macaques [107–110]; budgerigars [111]; rats [112]; sea lion [136,137]
	beat (non-isochronous)	humans [91,92]; parrots [136,137]; sea lion [134,135]
	pattern	humans [91,92,100]
	metrical hierarchy	humans [91,92,102,132]
	spontaneous (isochronous)	humans [116,117]; macaques [113]; bonobos [114]; chimpanzees [115]; budgerigars [116]; katydids [121,124]; frogs [119]
unpaced production: rhythmic movement after pacing signal ends	pattern reproduction	humans [100,140]
	isochronous (continuation)	humans [91,92]; macaques [107]