Table 1.

Antimicrobial activities of essential oils.

Essential Oils (EO) Levels/ Sources	Pathogenic microorganisms	Most important Results	References
Arborvitae, clary sage, clove, lavender, oregano, and thyme. (10 mg each)	Alternaria alternata, Arthrobacter protophormiae, Aspergillus fumigatus, Bacillus cereus, Chaetomium globosum, Cladosporium cladosporoides, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Penicillium chrysogenum, Pseudomonas fragi, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Yersinia enterocolitica.	Arborvitae, clove, oregano, and thyme: strong antibacterial activity against all strains. All essential oils: direct application and vapor resulted in different fungistatic and fungicidal activity.	Puškárová et al., 2017
Two essential oil blends containing: 1: 3.52% cineol from leaf (Eucalyptus globulus), 3.52% cinnamaldehyde from bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 3% cineol from leaf (Rosmarinus officinalis), 1.04% seed (Daucus carota), and 88.90% seed oil (Camelina sativa). 2: 3.53% CT cinnamaldehyde from bark (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), 3.53% CT eugenol (Syzygium aromaticum). (Synonymous: Eugenia caryophyllus Sprengel, cloves), and Origanum vulgare CT carvacol (aerial parts), 1.04% CT carotol from seed (Daucus carota), and 88.35% seed oil (Camelina sativa).	Bacteriodes fragilis, Branhamella catarrhalis, Candida albicans, C. glabatra, C. tropicalis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenza H1N1 and HSV1, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes, and Yersinia enterocolitica.	Minimal inhibitory concentrations (0.01% to 3% v/v) with minimal bactericidal concentrations from < 0.01%. EO blend of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Daucus carota, Origanum vulgare, and Syzygium aromaticum was antifungal to Candida strains. Cinnamomum zeylanicum was effective against H1N1 and HSV1 viruses, with dual activity, against H1N1 and S. aureus and S. pneumoniae.	Brochot et al., 2017
Alpinia oxymitra (64.00 μg/mL), Boesenbergia rotunda (1024.00 μg/mL), Cinnamomum cambodianum (1024.00 μg/mL), Citrus lucida (512.00 μg/mL), Limnophila aromatica (1024.00 μg/mL), Rhodamnia dumetorum (512.00 μg/mL), and Sindora siamensis (256.00 μg/mL)	Growth inhibition (in vitro): Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumoniae	All EOs had some antibacterial efficacy. A. oxymitra rhizome oil was active against all bacteria tested, its pericarp oil had the highest efficacy against H. influenzae (in vitro). With 80% inhibitory concentration of proliferation (N512 μg/mL), this EO might be safe for human lung cell lines.	Houdkova et al., 2018
Carum carvi, Citrus aurantium, C. bergamia, Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Lavandula angustifolia, Mentha arvensis, M. pulegium, Ocimum basilicum, O. citriodorum, O. majorana, O. vulgare, Pimenta racemosa, Salvia officinalis, Salvia sterea, Tanacetum vulgare, Thymus satureoides, T. vulgaris, and Zingiber cassumunar.	Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium cladosporioides, and Stachybotrys chartarum.	High antifungal activity with up to 100% inhibition - most effective EOs were bay tree, caraway, cilantro, lemon basil, oregano, and thyme.	Zabka et al., 2014
Campomanesia aurea 0.0049–10 mg/mL	Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enteritidis, and Staphylococcus aureus.	Minimal inhibitory concentration of Campomanesia aurea against Listeria monocytogenes (5.0 mg/mL) and S. aureus (0.7 mg/mL) and inhibition of L. monocytogenes biofilm formation. Campomanesia aurea inhibited biofilm formation in most pathogens tested.	Kuhn et al., 2019
Red pepper (100, 200, 400 and 800 μg/ml)	Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus.	Red pepper significantly inhibited Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus.	Reda et al., 2020a, Reda et al., 2020b