Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients.
| Clinical Characteristics | |
| Age (years) | 68 (60-73) |
| Gender (female), n (%) | 21 (38) |
| DM duration (years) | 7.0 (5.0-11.5) |
| Body weight (kg) | 66.5 (56.8-76.9) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.3 (23.4-28.8) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130±16 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 71±12 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 27.9 (9.0-58.2) |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 14.7 (12.1-19.0) |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.80±0.20 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.6±17.0 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.2±0.8 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 13.7±1.7 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 41±4.7 |
| Lipid profiles (mg/dL) | |
| Triglycerides | 127 (83.7-185) |
| LDL cholesterol | 98 (86-118) |
| HDL cholesterol | 51.5 (45.0-60.2) |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.1 (4.4-5.9) |
| HF Classification, n (%) | |
| HFpEF | 37 (69) |
| HFrEF | 7 (13) |
| HFmrEF | 9 (17) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |
| Hypertension | 43 (81) |
| Dyslipidemia | 42 (79) |
| Cardiovascular Event | 12 (21) |
| Medications, n (%) | |
| CCB | 19 (36) |
| ACEI/ARB | 42 (79) |
| β-blocker | 27 (51) |
| Diuretics | 10 (19) |
| Statin | 37 (70) |
| Antidiabetic drugs | |
| DPP-4I | 40 (75) |
| GLP-1 RA | 1 (2) |
| SU | 11 (21) |
| α-GI | 9 (17) |
| Thiazolidinedione | 11 (21) |
| Metformin | 14 (26) |
| Echocardiographic Parameters | |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 74.2 (55.1-104.1) |
| LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 24.7 (17.0-54.5) |
| LVEF (%) | 62.3 (49.3-68.3) |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 75.0 (61.7-92.0) |
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 31 (23-45) |
| e’ (cm/s) | 6.36±1.73 |
| E/e’ | 9.3 (7.7-11.8) |
| E (cm/s) | 58.1 (46.8-70.9) |
| A (cm/s) | 76.1±17.8 |
| E/A | 0.71 (0.6-0.80) |
Data are mean±SD for normally distributed data and median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed data, or n (%).
DM: diabetes mellitus, BSA: body mass index, BNP: plasma brain natriuretic peptide, LDL: low density lipoprotein, HDL: high density lipoprotein, HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFrEF: heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction, CCB: calcium channel blocker, ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker, DPP-4I: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, GLP-1 RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors agonists, SU: sulfonylureas, α-GI: α-glucosidase inhibitors. LVMI: left ventricular mass index, LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction, LAVI: left atrial volume index, E: peak early diastolic mitral flow velocity, e’: spectral pulsed-wave Doppler-derived early diastolic velocity from the septal mitral annulus