Table 1.

Descriptive ethogram of the observed behaviors during SAB test.

Category	Behavior	Description	Scoring
Locomotion (37)	Moving	Moving with at least one step with each paw	Duration
	Standing	Standing upright, with all four paws on the ground (may move a maximum of two steps)	Duration
	Sitting	Behind is on the ground, forelegs are stretched and support the front of the body	Duration
	Lying down	All four legs and belly are in contact with the ground	Duration
Posture (34, 37)	High	Elevation of the head and/or pointed ears, tail position higher than neutral	Duration
	Neutral	As shown by dogs in neutral conditions, natural position of the tail	Duration
	Low	Bent legs, ears positioned backwards, tail position lower than neutral	Duration
Aggression (34, 37)	Staring	Gazing at the stimulus right in the eyes and freezing of the body	Frequency
	Baring teeth	Showing of the teeth by lifting the upper and lower lips, may be accompanied by nose wrinkling	Frequency
	Snapping	Fast biting movement toward the stimulus, quick head movement (may be accompanied by showing of the teeth, growling, barking), but no physical contact	Frequency
	Attacking	Fast, maximal movement toward the stimulus, biting movement with open mouth or actual bite (may be impossible due to the safety design), may be accompanied by showing of the teeth, growling, barking	Frequency
	Short bark	One single short barking sound	Frequency
	Rapid barking	Loud, repetitive barking sounds (3–4 barks per second)	Duration
	Growling	Low buzzing sound	Duration
	Growl-bark	Barking sounds preceded by growling	Duration
Fear/stress (37, 38)	Fleeing	Accelerated movement toward the opposite direction of the stimulus (more than 1 meter)	Frequency
	Retreating	Movement toward the opposite direction of the stimulus (up to 1 meter)	Frequency
	Stretching leash	Leash is stretched to the maximal length on the opposite direction of the stimulus	Frequency
	Snout licking	Tongue out and moving along upper lip or nose	Frequency
	Yawning	Widely opening of the mouth and inhalation	Frequency
	Whining	High pitched cyclic sounds	Frequency
Interaction with human (39)	Support seeking	Approaching or pushing toward the owner or the handler	Frequency
	Cover seeking	Hiding behind the owner, the handler, orsomething else with respect to the stimulus	Frequency
	Owner/handler seeking	Continuous gaze toward the direction of the owner or handler during subtest 8–15	Duration
Other behaviors (37)	Exploration	Nose positioned within 3 cm of any feature of the physical environment (testing stimuli excluded)	Duration
	Tail wagging	Movements of the tail, from central position to either side	Duration
		Left wag	Frequency
		Right wag	Frequency
	Play behavior	Human-directed play activities such as play bow or tug-of-war	Duration