Table 2.

Behavioral differences in the SAB test between dog groups.

Category	Behavior	Group	Mean ± SD	Value	p-value
Locomotion	Moving	12	112.08 ± 20.21 161.93 ± 29.79	−4.86t	<0.0001
	Standing	12	148.68 ± 38.46 125.75 ± 22.45	1.74t	0.10
	Sitting	12	34.08 ± 26.92 20.36 ± 16.31	1.47 t	0.16
	Lying down	12	26.35 ± 48.89 11.48 ± 19.63	−0.62Z	0.54
Posture	High	12	71.19 ± 64.97 47.77 ± 64.10	0.89t	0.39
	Neutral	12	198.40 ± 50.99 178.45 ± 67.63	0.82t	0.42
	Low	12	49.86 ± 40.89 87.23 ± 41.99	−2.20t	0.04
Aggression	Staring	12	0.00 ± 0.00 7.27 ± 4.77	−4.44Z	<0.0001
	Short bark	12	1.92 ± 3.28 1.46 ± 1.63	−0.82Z	0.41
	Rapid barking	12	4.34 ± 11.16 35.92 ± 37.99	−3.26Z	0.001
	Growling/barking	12	0.85 ± 1.63 0.93 ± 1.41	−0.40Z	0.69
Fear/stress	Fleeing/retreating	12	5.31 ± 5.23 2.18 ± 1.40	−1.34Z	0.18
	Stretching leash	12	3.23 ± 3.88 1.09 ± 1.64	−1.28Z	0.20
	Snout licking	12	15.00 ± 15.20 20.55 ± 13.90	−0.95t	0.37
	Whining	12	5.69 ± 10.50 7.55 ± 6.95	−0.83t	0.62
Interaction with human	Support seeking	12	1.84 ± 1.99 1.91 ± 1.51	−0.44Z	0.66
	Cover seeking	12	0.31 ± 0.63 0.64 ± 0.67	−1.42Z	0.16
	Owner/handler seeking	12	11.75 ± 17.24 2.46 ± 6.05	−1.65Z	0.10
Other behaviors	Play	12	12.54 ± 21.66 3.40 ± 5.10	−0.67Z	0.53
	Exploration	12	23.32 ± 20.32 10.87 ± 6.05	−1.28Z	0.21
	Tail wagging	12	53.37 ± 39.08 150.05 ± 53.4	−5.11t	<0.0001
	Left tail wagging	12	1.39 ± 7.26 13.18 ± 6.88	−4.06t	0.001

Group 1 = non-aggressive dogs; group 2 = aggressive dogs;

^tt-value (t-test);

^ZZ-value (Mann-Whitney U test). Bolded values show significant associations.