TABLE 1.

Available Diagnostic Methods for Subtalar Instability^a

Diagnostic Method	Purpose
Clinical history	Mechanism of injury, symptoms
Physical examination	Signs of ligament injury, lower leg alignment, manual stress testing
Imaging
Stress radiography	Objective assessment of subtalar laxity
Using MRI	Assess structural integrity of subtalar ligaments and peripheral structures
Subtalar arthrography	Assess structural integrity of subtalar ligaments and peripheral structures
CT	Hindfoot alignment and damage of peripheral bony structures; useful if combined with stress measurements
Using US	Assess structural integrity of subtalar ligaments with dynamic testing
Diagnostic arthroscopy	In cases that show equivocal findings; helpful to visualize ligaments that are difficult to assess in MRI/US (eg, ITCL)

^aCT, computed tomography; ITCL, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; US, ultrasound.