Table 4.

Factors associated with symptoms of depression in older adults during COVID-19 at North Shoa Zone, Debre Libanos District, Oromia region, Ethiopia, 2020 (N = 409).

Variables	Depression		Crude OR (95% CI)	p	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p
	Yes	No
Age
60–70	88	96	1		1
71–80	76	49	1.69 (1.07–2.68)	0.025*	1.54 (0.93–2.58)	0.097
81–90	58	13	4.87 (2.50–9.49)	0.001*	3.43 (1.65–7.13)	0.001*
>90	23	6	4.18 (1.63–10.75)	0.003*	2.91 (1.03–8.24)	0.045*
Marital status
Single	179	76	1		1
Married	66	88	0.32 (0.21–0.48)	0.001*	0.63 (0.36–1.12)	0.116
Educational status
No formal education	183	105	1.66 (1.08–2.55)	0.021*	1.27 (0.75–2.15)	0.378
Formal education	62	59	1		1
Number of children
No children	62	33	1.58 (0.95–2.62)	0.077	0.76 (0.35–1.65)	0.488
One child	30	10	2.52 (1.17–5.44)	0.018*	1.76 (0.71–4.33)	0.221
Two children	46	31	1.25 (0.73–2.13)	0.417	1.02 (0.55–1.91)	0.944
More than three children	107	90	1		1
Source of income
Retirement	10	7	1		1
Helped by family	55	19	2.03 (0.68–6.07)	0.207	1.31 (0.37–4.67)	0.678
Farmer	51	71	0.50 (0.18–1.41)	0.191	0.72 (0.22–2.40)	0.594
Merchant	7	13	0.38 (0.10–1.43)	0.151	0.37 (0.09–1.66)	0.198
Supported by NGO	93	42	1.55 (0.55–4.35)	0.405	1.44 (0.46–4.58)	0.528
No income	29	12	1.69 (0.52–5.49)	0.381	1.08 (0.29–4.08)	0.909
Living status
Alone	131	59	2.05 (1.36–3.07)	0.001*	1.53 (0.80–2.91)	0.088
With family/relatives	114	105	1		1
Social support
No	145	129	0.39 (0.25–0.62)	0.001*	0.35 (0.36–0.97)	0.045*
Yes	100	35	1		1
Chronic illness
No	169	134	1		1
Yes	76	30	2.01 (1.24–3.25)	0.004*	1.90 (1.07–3.38)	0.030*
Current substance use
Alcohol	86	72	0.49 (0.31–0.78)	0.002*	0.88 (0.48–1.60)	0.676
Tobacco	15	8	0.77 (0.31–1.93)	0.577	0.70 (0.38–3.71)	0.774
Caffeine	36	27	0.55 (0.30–1.00)	0.263	0.43 (0.22–1.85)	0.115
No current substance use	117	48	1		1

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; NGO: nongovernmental organization.

1 = reference; the Hosmer–Lemeshow test = 0.638.

^*p < 0.05 (in bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses).