Table E3.
Clinical characteristics, presentation, and outcomes of patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, excluding all individuals who ever receive a diagnosis of allergic rhinitis
| Variables | No intranasal corticosteroids | Intranasal corticosteroids | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 58,678 | 7089 | |
| Demographics | |||
| Age (y) | 50.35 [33.97, 65.24] | 51.53 [37.24, 64.29] | <.001 |
| Female sex | 31,115 (53.0) | 4453 (62.8) | <.001 |
| Body mass index | 29.01 [25.02, 34.04] | 30.68 [26.31, 36.35] | <.001 |
| Race | .142 | ||
| African American | 10,616 (20.6) | 1347 (20.0) | |
| Caucasian | 38,331 (74.3) | 5002 (74.3) | |
| Others | 2650 (5.1) | 380 (5.6) | |
| Hispanic ethnicity∗ | 5200 (10.6) | 597 (8.6) | <.001 |
| Smoking history | <.001 | ||
| Never | 42,719 (73.6) | 4535 (64.0) | |
| Current | 3871 (6.7) | 512 (7.2) | |
| Past | 11,463 (19.7) | 2038 (28.8) | |
| No. of pack-years of smoking | 13.00 [5.00, 30.00] | 10.75 [4.00, 25.00] | .004 |
| Baseline absolute eosinophil Count† | 0.13 [0.07, 0.21] | 0.14 [0.08, 0.22] | <.001 |
| Clinical presentation | |||
| Cough | 26,547 (45.2) | 3799 (53.6) | <.001 |
| Fever | 14,703 (25.1) | 2309 (32.6) | <.001 |
| Fatigue | 19,676 (33.5) | 2820 (39.8) | <.001 |
| Sputum production | 3142 (5.4) | 590 (8.3) | <.001 |
| Flu-like symptoms | 16,272 (27.7) | 2781 (39.2) | <.001 |
| Dyspnea | 13,955 (23.8) | 2117 (29.9) | <.001 |
| Diarrhea | 4126 (7.0) | 669 (9.4) | <.001 |
| Loss of appetite | 4083 (7.0) | 558 (7.9) | .005 |
| Vomiting | 7081 (12.1) | 1025 (14.5) | <.001 |
| Comorbidities | |||
| COPD/dmphysema | 2528 (4.3) | 527 (7.4) | <.001 |
| Asthma | 3954 (6.7) | 972 (13.7) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 7804 (13.3) | 1338 (18.9) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 16,994 (29.0) | 2831 (39.9) | <.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 4162 (7.1) | 685 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 2949 (5.0) | 505 (7.1) | <.001 |
| Cancer history | 4935 (8.4) | 850 (12.0) | <.001 |
| Connective tissue disease | 993 (1.7) | 247 (3.5) | <.001 |
| Immunosuppressive disease | 3737 (6.4) | 631 (8.9) | <.001 |
| Medications | |||
| NSAIDs | 6784 (11.6) | 1215 (17.1) | <.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 4708 (8.0) | 685 (9.7) | <.001 |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers | 3129 (5.3) | 606 (8.5) | <.001 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 2632 (4.5) | 965 (13.6) | <.001 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 355 (0.6) | 77 (1.1) | <.001 |
| Outcomes | |||
| Hospitalized | 10,494 (17.9) | 1152 (16.3) | .001 |
| Intensive care unit admission | 2456 (4.2) | 268 (3.8) | .113 |
| Death | 1587 (2.7) | 158 (2.2) | .021 |
ACE, Angiotensin-converting enzyme; COPD, chronic obstructive airway disease; NSAIDs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Data are presented as n (%) for categorical variables and median [interquartile range] for continuous variables.
∗
(%) accounts for missing values.
†
Baseline blood absolute eosinophil count was measured 14 days or more before the date of SARS-CoV-2 testing, but not before 2018.