Table 3.

Therapeutic treatments targeting the NF-κB pathway.

Target in the NF-κB pathway	compounds	type	Mechanism of action	Ref.
NF-κB	Glucocorticoids	Anti-inflammatory	Binds to NF-κB and prevents transactivation. Induces transcription and synthesis of IκBα	(244, 245)
IKK	sulfasalazine	Anti-inflammatory	Inhibits IKKα and β activation	(246)
P65	Mesalamine	Anti-inflammatory	Inhibits IOL-1mediated p65 phosphorylation	(247)
IκBα	Aspirine (high dose)	Anti-inflammatory	Prevents IκBα degradation and suppresses NF-κB-dependent transcription	(248)
IL-1	Anakinra	Recombinant IL-1Rα	Prevents binding of IL-1β to its receptor	(249)
TNF-α	Adalimumab	Recombinant IgG1 mAb	Binds to TNF-α and prevent it to activate its receptor	(249)
IKKβ	SPC-839	Antiinflammatory	IKKβ inhibitor	(250)
IKKβ	ML120B	Antiinflammatory	IKKβ inhibitor	(251)
NF-κB	TPCA1	Antiinflammatory	Inhibits NF-κB and STAT3	(252)
RANKL	DTCM-glutarimide	Antiinflammatory	RANKL inhibitor	(253)
IKKα and IKKβ	BMS-345541	Antiinflammatory	IKKα and IKKβ inhibitor	(254)
NEMO	NEMO antagonist peptides	Peptides		(255)
Proteasome	Bortezomib	Cytotoxic agent (cell cycle arrest and apoptosis)	Proteasome inhibitor	(256)
Immunoproteasome	KZR-616		Immunoproteasome inhibitor	(257)
NF-κB	ODNi	Oligodeoxynucleotides	Inhibits binding of NF-κB to DNA	(255)