Table 1.
COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates in Development, Grouped by Platform
| Platform | Developer (Vaccine Name or Type and adjuvant, if reported) | Dosesa | Clinical Stageb |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inactivated Virus | Sinovac Research and Development Co., Ltd (CoronaVac) | 2 | EUAC |
| Sinopharm, China National Biotec Group Co., Wuhan Institute of Biological Products | 2 | EUAC | |
| Sinopharm, China National Biotec Group Co., Beijing Institute of Biological Products | 2 | EUAC | |
| Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | 2 | Phase 3 | |
| Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Rep of Kazakhstan (QazCovid-in®) | 2 | Phase 3 | |
| Bharat Biotech International Limited (BBV152) | 2 | Phase 3 | |
| Beijing Minhai Biotechnology Co. | 1–3 | Phase 2 | |
| Valneva, National Institute for Health Research, United Kingdom (VLA2001) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Erciyes University (ERUCOV-VAC) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Viral Vector | AstraZeneca, University of Oxford (ChAdOx1-S – (AZD1222), Covishield) | 1–2 | EUAEU |
| CanSino Biological Inc., Beijing Institute of Biotechnology (Adenovirus type 5 vector) | 1 | Phase 3 | |
| Gamaleya Research Institute, Health Ministry of the Russian Federation (Gam-COVID-Vac (rAd26-S+ rAd5-S)) | 2 | EUAR | |
| Janssen Pharmaceutical (Johnson & Johnson) (Ad26.COV2.S) | 1–2 | Phase 3US, EU | |
| ReiThera, Leukocare, Univercells (GRAd-COV2) | 1 | Phase 1 | |
| Vaxart (VXA-CoV2-1 Ad5 adjuvanted oral platform) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| University of Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians) (MVA-SARS-2-S) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Merck & Co., Themis, Sharp & Dohme, Institute Pasteur, University of Pittsburgh (V591-001) | 1–2 | Development Halted | |
| University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University, Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy (DelNS1–2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1) | 1 | Phase 2 | |
| Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (Covid-19/aAPC) | 3 | Phase 1 | |
| Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (LV-SMENP-DC) | 1 | Phase 1/2 | |
| ImmunityBio, Inc., NantKwest, Inc. (hAd5-S-Fusion+N-ETSD) | 1–2 | Phase 1 | |
| City of Hope Medical Center, National Cancer Institute (COH04S1 (MVA-SARS-2-S)) | 1–2 | Phase 1 | |
| Israel Institute for Biological Research (rVSV-SARS-CoV-2-S) | 1 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Aivita Biomedical, National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia (Dendritic cell vaccine AV-COVID-19) | 1 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Cellid Co., Ltd. (AdCLD-CoV19) | 1 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Altimmune, Inc. (AdCOVID) | 1–2 | Phase 1 | |
| VLP | Serum Institute of India, Accelagen Pty, SpyBiotech (RBD SARS-CoV-2 HBsAg) | 2 | Phase 1/2 |
| Medicago Inc. (CoVLP) | 2 | Phase 2/3 | |
| Subunit | Novavax (SARS-CoV-2 rS & Matrix M1 adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 3 |
| Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | 2–3 | Phase 3 | |
| Kentucky Bioprocessing Inc. (KBP-COVID-1, receptor binding domain-based) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Sanofi Pasteur, GSK (spike protein formulation with adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc., GSK, Dynavax (SCB-2019 & AS03 or CpG 1018 and alum adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 2/3 | |
| Vaxine Pty Ltd. (COVAX-19® spike protein & adjuvant) | 1 | Phase 1 | |
| CSL Ltd. + Seqirus, University of Queensland (UQ-CSL V451 & MF59 adjuvant) | 2 | Development Halted | |
| Medigen Vaccine Biologics, Dynavax, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (MVC-COV1901, S protein & CpG 1018 adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 2/3 | |
| Instituto Finlay de Vacunas (FINLAY-FR, receptor binding domain-based & adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 2 | |
| Federal Budgetary Research Institution State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector” (EpiVacCorona peptide antigens) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| West China Hospital, Sichuan University (receptor binding domain-based) | 2 | Phase 2 | |
| University Hospital Tuebingen (IMP CoVac-1, SARS-CoV-2 HLA-DR peptides) | 1 | Phase 1 | |
| COVAXX, United Biomedical, Inc. (UB-612 (spike protein & receptor binding domain-based) | 2 | Phase 2/3 | |
| Adimmune Corporation (AdimrSC-2f, receptor binding domain-based with and without aluminum) | Unknown | Phase 1 | |
| Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) (CIGB-669, receptor binding domain-based & AgnHB) | 3 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) (CIGB-66, receptor binding domain-based & aluminum hydroxide) | 3 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Biological ELimited (BECOV2) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (S protein & aluminum adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Shionogi (S-268019) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| University Medical Center Groningen, Akston Biosciences Inc. (receptor binding domain-based Fc fusion protein) | Unknown | Phase 1/2 | |
| Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Seppic, Vaccine Formulation Institute (VFI) (COVAC-1/COVAC-2, spike protein & SWE adjuvant) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| DNA | Inovio Pharmaceuticals + International Vaccine Institute, Advaccine (Suzhou) Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (INO-4800 & electroporation) | 2 | Phase 2/3 |
| AnGes + Takara Bio, Osaka University (AG0301-COVID19) | 2 | Phase 2/3 | |
| Zydus Cadila (nCov vaccine) | 3 | Phase 3 | |
| Genexine Consortium (GX-19) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| Entos Pharmaceuticals Inc. (Covigenix VAX-001) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Providence Health & Services (CORVax – S Protein Plasmid DNA Vaccine) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Symvivo Corporation (bacTRL-Spike oral DNA vaccine) | 1 | Phase 1 | |
| GeneOne Life Science, Inc. (GLS-5310) | 2 | Phase 1/2 | |
| RNA | Moderna + National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (mRNA −1273) | 2 | EUAUS |
| Pfizer/BioNTech, Fosun Pharma (BNT162, 3 LNP-mRNAs) | 2 | EUAUS, EU | |
| CureVac AG (CVnCoV) | 2 | Phase 3 | |
| Arcturus Therapeutics (ARCT-021) | Unknown | Phase 2 | |
| Imperial College London (LNP-nCoVsaRNA) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Academy of Military Science (AMS), Walvax Biotechnology and Suzhou Abogen Biosciences (ARCoV) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Chulalongkorn University (ChulaCov19) | 2 | Phase 1 | |
| Live, Attenuated | Codagenix/Serum Institute of India (COVI-VAC) | 1-2 | Phase 1 |
EUA, Emergency Use Authorization in; C, China, R, Russia; US, United States; EU, European Union & United Kingdom; note, these vaccines may also be approved for use in other countries.
aMost vaccine candidates will require two doses administered 14 to 56 days apart.
bClinical phase of development as reported by WHO on February 2, 2020 (DRAFT landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines). www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines.