Table 1.
Sample characteristics by diabetes status at baseline
| No diabetes (N = 93,916) | Diabetes (N = 11,706) | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical activity outcomes | |||||
| Low-to-moderate physical activity (1–4), SD | 3.5 | 1.0 | 3.2 | 1.2 | <.001 |
| Mediators | |||||
| Subjective energy | |||||
| Low level of energy | 30,349 | 32.3% | 5,256 | 44.9% | |
| Sufficient level of energy | 63,567 | 67.7% | 6,450 | 55.1% | <.001 |
| Muscle strength | |||||
| Low muscle strength | 10,782 | 11.5% | 2,773 | 23.7% | |
| Normal muscle strength | 83,134 | 88.5% | 8,933 | 76.3% | <.001 |
| ADL | |||||
| No | 86,718 | 92.3% | 9,752 | 83.3% | |
| Yes | 7,198 | 7.7% | 1,954 | 16.7% | <.001 |
| IADL | |||||
| No | 82,453 | 87.8% | 8,778 | 75.0% | |
| Yes | 11,463 | 12.2% | 2,928 | 25.0% | <.001 |
| Sleep problems | |||||
| No | 63,228 | 67.3% | 6,868 | 58.7% | |
| Yes | 30,688 | 32.7% | 4,838 | 41.3% | <.001 |
| Depressive symptoms | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.0 | 2.5 | <.001 |
| Delayed recall | 3.8 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 2.0 | <.001 |
| Verbal fluency | 20.0 | 7.5 | 18.0 | 7.3 | <.001 |
| Covariates | |||||
| Age at baseline (years), SD | 63.1 | 9.6 | 66.8 | 9.3 | <.001 |
| Gender | |||||
| Female | 51,586 | 54.9% | 5,828 | 49.8% | |
| Male | 42,330 | 45.1% | 5,878 | 50.2% | <.001 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | 26.5 | 4.3 | 29.3 | 5.2 | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | |||||
| No | 83,803 | 89.2% | 9,067 | 77.5% | |
| Yes | 10,113 | 10.8% | 2,639 | 22.5% | <.001 |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 62,423 | 66.5% | 4,549 | 38.9% | |
| Yes | 31,493 | 33.5% | 7,157 | 61.1% | <.001 |
| Education | |||||
| Primary | 20,732 | 22.1% | 3,781 | 32.3% | |
| Secondary | 52,474 | 55.9% | 6,188 | 52.9% | |
| Tertiary | 20,710 | 22.0% | 1,737 | 14.8% | <.001 |
| Satisfaction with income | |||||
| With great difficulty | 10,530 | 11.2% | 2,012 | 17.2% | |
| With some difficulty | 20,073 | 21.4% | 3,158 | 27.0% | |
| Fairly easily | 28,251 | 30.1% | 3,494 | 29.8% | |
| Easily | 35,062 | 37.3% | 3,042 | 26.0% | <.001 |
| Countries | |||||
| Belgium | 8,025 | 8.5% | 799 | 6.8% | |
| Austria | 5,004 | 5.3% | 556 | 4.8% | |
| Denmark | 4,971 | 5.3% | 360 | 3.1% | |
| France | 6,545 | 7.0% | 717 | 6.1% | |
| Germany | 6,912 | 7.4% | 919 | 7.9% | |
| Greece | 5,072 | 5.4% | 598 | 5.1% | |
| Israel | 2,472 | 2.6% | 615 | 5.3% | |
| Italy | 6,564 | 7.0% | 730 | 6.2% | |
| Netherlands | 5,260 | 5.6% | 453 | 3.9% | |
| Spain | 6,424 | 6.8% | 1,007 | 8.6% | |
| Sweden | 5,508 | 5.9% | 509 | 4.3% | |
| Switzerland | 3,929 | 4.2% | 261 | 2.2% | |
| Czech Republic | 6,496 | 6.9% | 1,212 | 10.4% | |
| Ireland | 691 | .7% | 70 | .6% | |
| Poland | 2,414 | 2.6% | 291 | 2.5% | |
| Estonia | 6,167 | 6.6% | 793 | 6.8% | |
| Hungary | 2,246 | 2.4% | 443 | 3.8% | |
| Portugal | 1,489 | 1.6% | 327 | 2.8% | |
| Slovenia | 4,222 | 4.5% | 552 | 4.7% | |
| Luxembourg | 1,626 | 1.7% | 217 | 1.9% | |
| Croatia | 1,879 | 2.0% | 277 | 2.4% | <.001 |
| Birth cohort | |||||
| After 1945 | 53,300 | 56.8% | 4,850 | 41.4% | |
| Between 1939 and 1945 | 18,059 | 19.2% | 2,793 | 23.9% | |
| Between 1929 and 1938 | 16,670 | 17.7% | 3,108 | 26.5% | |
| Between 1919 and 1928 | 5,887 | 6.3% | 955 | 8.2% | <.001 |
| Attrition | |||||
| No drop out | 59,304 | 63.2% | 7,133 | 60.9% | |
| Drop out | 27,246 | 29.0% | 2,872 | 24.6% | |
| Death | 7,366 | 7.8% | 1,701 | 14.5% | <.001 |
Note. Baseline = the first measurement occasion for each participant; SD = standard deviation; ADL = activities of daily living; IADL = instrumental activities of daily living. p values are based on the analysis of variance and chi-square tests for continuous and categorical variables, respectively, testing the effect of diabetes (vs. no diabetes) on these variables.