Figure 1.

Simulations in 1D of the model given by Eqs (2.1)–(2.12) using the finite difference scheme described in Section 2.2 with parameters: ρ_E = 35.4, ρ_P = 33 and ρ_N = 30/year; D_E = D_P = D_N = 30mm²/year; $K_E^{*}=K_P^{*}=K_N^{*}=K=2.39\times {10}^5$ cells/mm³; $x_E^{*}=x_P^{*}=x_N^{*}=100\text{mm}$; $t_E^{*}=0.027$, $t_P^{*}=0.001$ years. The interactions in each simulation are chosen to be (a) competition, α_EP = α_PE = −5, (b) cooperation, α_EP = α_PE = 5 and (c) neutralism, α_EP = α_PE = 0. Each simulation is plotted at t = 0.7 years; population E is shown in blue, P in red, N in yellow and the total population, T = E + P + N, in purple.