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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Aug 23.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Top Dev Biol. 2020 May 5;139:375–405. doi: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2020.03.002

Figure 3. Fitness effects of network co-option and the influence of pleiotropy upon subsequent change.

Figure 3.

Figure depicts a decision tree that partitions the evolutionary ramifications of GRN co-option and subsequent modification. Starting on the left side of the diagram with the initiating trans change (A), we may first make standard predictions about evolutionary response to that mutation based on its phenotypic effects (or lack thereof) (B). After network co-option, the fitness effects of decreased tissue-specificity are considered as the network is subject to additional modifications (C).