Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of PDN patients, PDCD patients, and control subjects.
| Normal control | PDN | PDCD | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | PDN vs. PDCD | ||||
| Number | 24 | 13 | 18 | ||
| Gender (M : F) | 6 : 18 | 7 : 6 | 5 : 13 | 0.182 | 0.131 |
| Age | 60.96 ± 5.10 | 60.62 ± 7.33 | 62.89 ± 6.04 | 0.489 | 0.302 |
| Education (years) | 12.25 ± 0.78 | 11.84 ± 1.07 | 8.16 ± 0.91 | 0.003∗ | 0.012∗ |
| UPDRS I | 3.46 ± 3.46 | 3.35 ± 2.84 | N/A | 0.937 | |
| UPDRS II | 11.31 ± 9.84 | 9.41 ± 5.50 | N/A | 0.045∗ | |
| UPDRS III | 25.92 ± 20.85 | 22.29 ± 12.84 | N/A | 0.149 | |
| UPDRS 176 | 40.69 ± 33.24 | 35.06 ± 19.76 | N/A | 0.089 | |
| Modified Hoehn and Yahr staging | 2.15 ± 1.09 | 1.82 ± 1.02 | N/A | 0.379 | |
| Schwab and England (S&E) scale | 79.23 ± 17.06 | 78.82 ± 23.15 | N/A | 0.859 | |
| Levodopa equivalent daily doses (mg) | 257.92 ± 286.40 | 472.28 ± 250.46 | N/A | 0.02 | |
|
| |||||
| Plasma abnormal protein aggregates levels (pg/mL) | |||||
| NfL | 8.23 ± 4.15 | 13.85 ± 5.18 | 18.92 ± 7.25 | <0.001∗ | 0.048∗ |
| T-tau | 17.84 ± 9.44 | 30.88 ± 12.24 | 27.71 ± 2.20 | 0.001∗ | 0.350 |
| AB42 | 16.08 ± 4.58 | 17.20 ± 2.74 | 22.37 ± 1.64 | 0.035∗ | 0.085 |
| AB40 | 56.18 ± 13.75 | 39.23 ± 10.75 | 39.25 ± 2.91 | <0.001∗ | 0.083 |
| Alpha Synuclein | 0.07 ± 0.07 | 1.16 ± 1.03 | 1.85 ± 0.22 | <0.001∗ | 0.052 |
|
| |||||
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) | |||||
| Picture completion | 10.20 ± 2.66 | 10.30 ± 2.21 | 7.38 ± 2.83 | 0.002∗ | 0.035∗ |
| Vocabulary | 11.50 ± 2.76 | 12.15 ± 2.54 | 8.55 ± 2.25 | <0.001∗ | 0.005∗ |
| Digit symbol-coding | 11.54 ± 3.07 | 10.15 ± 3.53 | 6.23 ± 2.46 | <0.001∗ | 0.002∗ |
| Similarities | 10.16 ± 2.76 | 10.84 ± 2.03 | 7.44 ± 2.43 | <0.001∗ | 0.007∗ |
| Block design | 9.58 ± 2.99 | 9.61 ± 2.66 | 6.16 ± 2.59 | <0.001∗ | 0.016∗ |
| Arithmetics | 11.46 ± 0.48 | 10.92 ± 0.63 | 7.22 ± 0.57 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Matrix reasoning | 9.39 ± 0.64 | 11.01 ± 0.85 | 7.74 ± 0.76 | 0.006∗ | 0.008∗ |
| Digitspan | 11.34 ± 0.53 | 11.59 ± 0.71 | 7.83 ± 0.63 | <0.001∗ | <0.001∗ |
| Information | 10.46 ± 0.36 | 10.04 ± 0.48 | 9.06 ± 0.43 | <0.001∗ | 0.147 |
| Picture arrangement | 10.14 ± 0.64 | 10.08 ± 0.86 | 8.49 ± 0.84 | 0.007∗ | 0.203 |
| Comprehension | 11.75 ± 0.50 | 11.60 ± 0.67 | 8.72 ± 0.66 | <0.001∗ | 0.005∗ |
| Letter-number sequencing | 10.37 ± 0.61 | 11.47 ± 0.84 | 8.26 ± 0.80 | 0.037∗ | 0.010∗ |
Age and gender data were compared by ANOVA test. Misfolding protein biomarkers were compared by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for age and gender. Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV was compared by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for age, gender, and education. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. ∗p < .05.