Table 3.
Dual inhibitors against multiple SASR-CoV-2 targets including nsp3, nsp5 or both.
| Promising dual inhibitor | Source | Target |
|---|---|---|
| Naloxone; Fluoxetine; Dopal; Thiamine Phenylephrine; Epinephrine; Aspirin Pseudoephedrine; Benzenebutyrate; Nelfinavir; Tipranavir |
ZINC database [181], [182] | Nsp5; PLpro |
| Bemcentinib; MFCD00832476 | ZINC PubChem and NPASSa databases [183] |
|
| Ginkgolic acid (IC50 = 1.79; 16.30 μM); Anacardic acid (IC50 = 2.07; 17.08 μM) |
MedChemExpress [184] | |
| 2001083-68-5; 2001083-69-6; 833463-19-7 |
CAS Antiviral COVID19 database [185] | Nsp5; RdRpb |
| Nakinadine B; Amphimedoside C 20-hepacosenoic acid; |
Amphimedon sp[186] | |
| Hydroxymatairesinol | Sesame [187] | Nsp5; PLpro; RdRp |
| MCULE-3732245601–0 (IC50 = 0.45; 0.085; 0.29 μM) MCULE-7013373725–0 (IC50 = 0.11; 0.063; 0.29 μM) |
MCULE library [188] | Nsp5; PLpro; furin protease |
| 19 acetylsesterstatin 3 12β-acetoxy,16-epi-hyrtiolide |
Hyrtios erectus[189] | Nsp5; nsp15 |
| Cefiderocol; Plazomicin | PubChem database [190] | Nsp5; nsp16 |
| Vanganciclovir | Nsp5; N protein | |
| Rutin | DrugBank [191] | Nsp5; S protein |
| Solanine, Acetoside; Rutin; Withanone | PubChem database [192], [193] |
a
NPASS: Natural Product Activity and Species Source.
b
RdRp: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.