Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of the participants included in the metabolomic analysis
| Characteristic | NGT | Type 2 diabetes | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 59 ± 2.4 | 62 ± 1.2 | 0.1611 |
| Weight (kg) | 81 ± 2.7 | 88 ± 1.8 | 0.0209 |
| Height (m) | 1.77 ± 0.02 | 1.79 ± 0.01 | 0.4082 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.95 ± 0.59 | 27.66 ± 0.47 | 0.0307 |
| Waist (cm) | 90 ± 1.6 | 100 ± 1.6 | 0.0002 |
| Hip (cm) | 97 ± 1.2 | 101 ± 1.2 | 0.0241 |
| WHR | 0.93 ± 0.01 | 0.99 ± 0.01 | 0.0008 |
| Pulse (beats/min) | 62 ± 2.0 | 68 ± 1.6 | 0.0234 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.41 ± 0.13 | 8.59 ± 0.37 | <0.0001 |
| 120 min plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.05 ± 0.25 | 16.66 ± 0.58 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36.13 ± 1.13 | 51.19 ± 1.32 | <0.0001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.10 | 6.8 ± 0.12 | <0.0001 |
| Serum insulin (pmol/l) | 52.37 ± 5.30 | 85.51 ± 9.06 | 0.0124 |
| 120 min serum insulin (pmol/l) | 294.2 ± 43.41 | 327.5 ± 42.06 | 0.6155 |
| Plasma creatinine (μmol/l) | 84.53 ± 2.65 | 80.72 ± 2.17 | 0.2794 |
| Plasma AST (μkat/l) | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.5992 |
| Plasma ALT (μkat/l) | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 0.1161 |
| Plasma triacylglycerol (mmol/l) | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.41 ± 0.13 | 0.1093 |
| Plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | 5.27 ± 0.17 | 4.50 ± 0.14 | 0.0014 |
| Plasma HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.33 ± 0.06 | 1.24 ± 0.06 | 0.3562 |
| Plasma LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | 3.47 ± 0.13 | 2.62 ± 0.14 | 0.0003 |
| Serum C-peptide (nmol/l) | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.99 ± 0.08 | 0.0115 |
| HOMA-IR | 1.71 ± 0.22 | 5.28 ± 0.65 | 0.0013 |
Results are mean ± SEM for individuals with NGT (n = 15) and type 2 diabetes (n = 26)
Statistical analysis was performed using Student’s t test
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase