Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of the study population.
| Without probiotics (N = 224) | With probiotics (N = 94) | χ2/t | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | 0.018 | 0.893 | ||
| Male | 121 (54%) | 50 (53%) | ||
| Female | 103 (46%) | 44 (47%) | ||
| Gestational age(week) | 29.9 ± 2.2 | 29.5 ± 2.0 | 1.366 | 0.173 |
| Birth weight | 1485.4 ± 422.1 | 1407.0 ± 373.3 | 1.563 | 0.119 |
| Apgar1 | 0.060 | 0.807 | ||
| ≥ 7 | 132 (59%) | 54 (57%) | ||
| < 7 | 92 (41%) | 40 (43%) | ||
| Apgar5 | 0.191 | 0.662 | ||
| ≥ 7 | 144 (64%) | 58 (62%) | ||
| < 7 | 80 (36%) | 36 (38%) | ||
| Type of feeding | 0.001 | 0.974 | ||
| Breast milk | 133 (59%) | 56 (60%) | ||
| Others | 91 (41%) | 38 (40%) | ||
| Maternal age (year) | 0.323 | 0.570 | ||
| ≤ 30 | 90 (40%) | 41 (44%) | ||
| > 30 | 134 (60%) | 53 (56%) | ||
| Premature rupture of membranes | 2.523 | 0.112 | ||
| No | 149 (67%) | 71 (76%) | ||
| Yes | 75 (34%) | 23 (24%) | ||
| Type of delivery | 1.403 | 0.236 | ||
| Vaginal | 114 (51%) | 41 (44%) | ||
| Cesarean | 110 (49%) | 53 (56%) | ||
| Number of births | 0.022 | 0.881 | ||
| 1 | 165 (74%) | 70 (75%) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 59 (26%) | 24 (25%) | ||
| Receive antenatal corticosteroid | 3.587 | 0.058 | ||
| No | 122 (55%) | 62 (66%) | ||
| Yes | 102 (45%) | 32 (34%) | ||
| Receive antenatal MgSO4 | 0.167 | 0.683 | ||
| No | 189 (84%) | 81 (86%) | ||
| Yes | 35 (16%) | 13 (14%) | ||
| Systemic antibiotics given to mother within 24 h before birth | 4.471 | 0.034 | ||
| No | 178 (80%) | 84 (89%) | ||
| Yes | 46 (20%) | 10 (11%) | ||
| Maternal diabetes | 4.277 | 0.039 | ||
| No | 185 (83%) | 68 (72%) | ||
| Yes | 39 (17%) | 26 (28%) | ||
| Maternal hypertension | 0.024 | 0.877 | ||
| No | 177 (79%) | 75 (80%) | ||
| Yes | 47 (21%) | 19 (20%) | ||
| Transfer | 0.213 | 0.645 | ||
| No | 53 | 20 | ||
| Yes | 171 | 74 | ||
| PMA at the time of admission for the cohort | 31.2 ± 2.7 | 30.8 ± 2.1 | 1.772 | 0.157 |