Table 3.
Cardiac injury prevalence and risk of in-hospital death in different geographical settings.
| Study (date of publication) | Country | Number of patients | Severity | Patients with cardiac injury (n (%)) | In-hospital deaths among cardiac injury patients (n (%)) | HR (95%CI) for death in cardiac injury group | OR (95% CI) for death in cardiac injury group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Huang et al. (18) | China | 41 | Mixed (inpatients) | 5 (12%) | – | – | – |
| Shi et al. (38) | China | 416 | Mixed (inpatients) | 82 (19.7%) | 42 (51.2%) | 3.41 (1.62–7.16) | – |
| Guo et al. (39) | China | 187 | Mixed (inpatients) | 52 (27.8%) | 31 (59.6%) | – | – |
| Zhou et al. (17) | China | 191 | Mixed (inpatients) | – (17%) | – | – | 80 (10.3–620.4) (univariate) |
| Chen et al. (14) | China | 274 | Moderate to severe/critical | – (41%) | – | – | – |
| Deng et al. (71) | China | 112 | Mixed (inpatients) | 42 (37.5%) | 14 (33.3%) | 8.9 (1.9–40.6) (peak troponin T) | – |
| Wei et al. (72) | China | 101 | Mixed (inpatients) | 16 (15.8%) | 3 (18.8%) | – | 6.63 (2.24–19.65) (univariate) (progression to severe disease) |
| Shi et al. (24) | China | 671 | Severe and critical | – (15.8%) | 4.56 (1.28–16.28) (multivariate) | – | |
| Lala et al. (25) | USA | 2,736 | Mixed (inpatients) | Troponin I >0.03 to 0.09 ng/ml: n = 455 (16.6%); troponin I > 0.09 ng/dl: n = 530 (19.4%) | – | 1.75 (1.37–2.24); 3.03 (2.42–3.80) | |
| Lombardi et al. (73) | Italy | 614 | Mixed (inpatients) | 278 (45.3%) | 104 (37.4%) | 1.71 (1.13–2.59) (multivariate) | – |
| Calvo-Fernandez et al. (74) | Spain | 872 | Mixed (inpatients) | (34.6%) | (29.3%) | 2.91 (1.21–7.04) (multivariate) | – |
| Fan et al. (75) | China | 353 | Mixed (inpatients) | 79 (22.4%) | 45 (57%) | 1.65 (1.17–2.34) (multivariate) | – |
| Giustino et al. (69) | International (USA, Italy) | 305 | Mixed (inpatients with TTE and ECG) | 190 (62.3%) | 51 (26.8%) | – | 6.67 (2.76–16.11) (univariate) |
| He et al. (76) | China | 1,031 | Mixed (inpatients) | 215 (20.7%) | 131 (60.9%) | – | 2.34 (1.23–4.45) (multivariate) (among severe patients) |
| De Almeida et al. (77) | Brazil | 183 | Mixed (inpatients) | – | – | 1.12 (1.03–1.47) (multivariate) | – |
| Manocha et al. (78) | USA | 446 | Mixed (inpatients) | 112 (25.1%) | 51 (45%) | – | 4.38 (2.32–8.28) (multivariate) (30-day in-hospital mortality) |
| Bardaji et al. (79) | Spain | 186 | Mixed (inpatients) | 41 (22%) | – | 3.54 (1.70–7.34) (multivariate) | – |
| Efros et al. (80) | Israel | 320 | Mixed (inpatients) | 91 (28.4%) | 33 (36%) | 4.32 (2.8–8.99) (multivariate) | – |
| Ali et al. (81) | Pakistan | 466 | Mixed (inpatients) | 168 (36%) | 130 (77.4%) | 3.61 (0.70–1.86) (multivariate) | – |
| Tanboga et al. (82) | Turkey | 14,855 | Mixed (inpatients) | 1,027 (6,9%) | – | 1.89 (1.62–2.21) (multivariate) (30-day in-hospital mortality) | – |
CI, confidence interval; ECG, electrocardiogram; HF, heart failure; HR, hazard ratio; OR, odds ratio; TTE, transthoracic echocardiogram; USA, United States of America.