Table 1.
Baseline characteristics for all study participants including 3 unique clusters that were identified through k-means clustering method.
| Characteristics | Entire cohort | Cluster 1 | Cluster 2 | Cluster 3 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 53 | 14 | 20 | 19 | |
| Age (years) | 42.26 (8.23) | 38.36 (8.26) | 40.26 (7.24) | 46.79 (6.86) | 0.004 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.79 (9.99) | 79.71 (9.78) | 76.89 (8.89) | 84.42 (9.69) | 0.055 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 127.30 (12.24) | 126.43 (11.27) | 122.47 (13.30) | 131.42 (9.89) | 0.068 |
| Body mass index kg/m2 | 25.57 (3.52) | 23.23 (1.53) | 25.94 (3.58) | 27.20 (3.55) | 0.003 |
| Body weight (kg) | 83.69 (13.13) | 76.29 (9.57) | 85.62 (12.69) | 87.98 (13.37) | 0.025 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 90.30 (9.62) | 84.21 (5.89) | 91.24 (8.84) | 93.47 (10.36) | 0.014 |
| Serum creatinine (micromol/L) | 88.42 (10.49) | 91.00 (10.93) | 86.32 (10.87) | 89.95 (8.34) | 0.361 |
| Waist to hip ratio | 0.89 (0.06) | 0.85 (0.05) | 0.88 (0.05) | 0.90 (0.06) | 0.032 |
| Resting hear trate (amount/min) | 56.92 (7.64) | 54.50 (5.00) | 56.00 (7.33) | 58.79 (9.00) | 0.251 |
| Serum TSH (mIE/L) | 1.98 (1.01) | 2.07 (1.03) | 1.75 (1.02) | 2.15 (1.03) | 0.469 |
| Serum sodium (mmol/L) | 140.68 (1.76) | 140.79 (2.22) | 140.79 (1.55) | 140.16 (1.42) | 0.449 |
| Serum white blood cell count 10^9/L) | 4.73 (1.06) | 4.15 (0.64) | 4.78 (1.16) | 5.01 (1.12) | 0.065 |
| Serum potassium (mmol/L) | 4.29 (0.23) | 4.25 (0.23) | 4.31 (0.26) | 4.32 (0.21) | 0.673 |
| Serum hemoglobin (g/L) | 147.91 (10.25) | 145.79 (9.27) | 146.37 (10.16) | 149.68 (10.71) | 0.474 |
| Serum free T4 (nmol/L) | 15.75 (2.06) | 16.36 (2.10) | 15.58 (1.89) | 15.26 (1.91) | 0.283 |
| Serum bilirubin (micromol/L) | 11.85 (6.84) | 14.39 (7.59) | 11.39 (6.57) | 11.42 (6.87) | 0.397 |
| Liver transaminases ratio | 1.00 (0.33) | 1.04 (0.31) | 0.94 (0.24) | 1.01 (0.42) | 0.648 |
| Serum ASAT (microkat/L) | 0.43 (0.12) | 0.40 (0.10) | 0.42 (0.13) | 0.47 (0.13) | 0.258 |
| Serum ALAT (microkat/L) | 0.47 (0.19) | 0.39 (0.10) | 0.49 (0.22) | 0.52 (0.20) | 0.157 |
| Serum alkaline phosphatase (microkat/L) | 1.00 (0.29) | 1.02 (0.28) | 1.04 (0.38) | 0.95 (0.17) | 0.564 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 4.93 (0.41) | 4.79 (0.48) | 4.99 (0.40) | 5.01 (0.32) | 0.244 |
| Fasting serum insulin (pmol/L) | 45.38 (22.26) | 35.27 (14.00) | 47.92 (26.85) | 50.63 (21.16) | 0.127 |
| OGTT plasma glucose after 30 min (mmol/L) | 8.25 (1.61) | 7.95 (1.85) | 8.75 (1.81) | 8.01 (1.20) | 0.271 |
| OGTT plasma glucose after 60 min (mmol/L) | 7.71 (2.10) | 7.33 (2.17) | 7.74 (2.37) | 7.96 (1.93) | 0.706 |
| OGTT plasma glucose after 120 min (mmol/L) | 5.41 (1.73) | 5.24 (1.76) | 4.91 (1.58) | 5.89 (1.99) | 0.233 |
| OGTT serum insulin after 30 min (pmol/L) | 396.76 (210.49) | 308.56 (135.92) | 455.45 (246.05) | 434.54 (204.49) | 0.112 |
| OGTT serum insulin after 60 min (pmol/L) | 484.19 (369.15) | 338.32 (204.27) | 514.30 (412.33) | 573.15 (405.19) | 0.187 |
| OGTT serum insulin after 120 min (pmol/L) | 251.24 (205.36) | 187.67 (170.92) | 219.14 (159.64) | 326.78 (258.87) | 0.120 |
| Area under the curve OGTT glucose | 13.84 (2.87) | 13.29 (3.26) | 13.88 (3.04) | 14.18 (2.71) | 0.701 |
| Area under the curve OGTT insulin | 698.49 (426.07) | 510.67 (239.34) | 735.00 (459.08) | 823.18 (466.23) | 0.106 |
| Glycated hemoglobin (mmol/mol) | 32.92 (2.31) | 33.24 (1.31) | 32.79 (2.68) | 33.11 (2.26) | 0.830 |
| MRS visceral fat | 86.52 (47.11) | 70.04 (44.15) | 81.17 (37.71) | 99.41 (57.04) | 0.203 |
| Subcutaneous fat | 221.80 (88.76) | 157.79 (64.42) | 253.75 (92.21) | 242.48 (77.49) | 0.003 |
| MRS Whole abdomen | 590.45 (128.23) | 509.80 (95.62) | 613.79 (121.81) | 626.78 (123.48) | 0.014 |
| HOMA-IR | 10.82 (5.65) | 8.75 (4.04) | 12.08 (7.16) | 11.26 (4.78) | 0.236 |
| Liver fat | 61.18 (10.31) | 58.65 (13.61) | 60.90 (10.82) | 63.57 (6.34) | 0.400 |
| Peripheral arterial insufficience (%) | 0.343 | ||||
| 0 = none | 51 (96.2) | 13 (92.9) | 19 (100.0) | 18 (94.7) | |
| 1 = 1 first-degree relative | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | |
| 5 = 1 SDR or 1 TDR | 1 (1.9) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Heredity for diabetes (%) | 0.453 | ||||
| 0 = none | 21 (39.6) | 5 (35.7) | 10 (52.6) | 7 (36.8) | |
| 1 = 1 first-degree relative | 12 (22.6) | 5 (35.7) | 2 (10.5) | 5 (26.3) | |
| 2 = 2 first-degree relative | 4 (7.5) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (5.3) | 2 (10.5) | |
| 3 = 1 FDR and 1 SDR | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3 = 1 FDR and 1 SDR | 6 (11.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 4 (21.1) | |
| 4 = 1 FDR or 1 SDR with type 1 diabetes | 1 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 5 = 1 SDR or 1 TDR | 8 (15.1) | 3 (21.4) | 2 (10.5) | 1 (5.3) | |
| Physical activity (%) | 0.703 | ||||
| 1 = Never | 9 (17.0) | 2 (14.3) | 4 (21.1) | 1 (5.3) | |
| 2 = 1/week | 4 (7.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (10.5) | |
| 3 = 2–3 times/week | 19 (35.8) | 4 (28.6) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (47.4) | |
| 4 = 4–6 times/week | 14 (26.4) | 5 (35.7) | 4 (21.1) | 5 (26.3) | |
| 5 = Every day | 7 (13.2) | 3 (21.4) | 3 (15.8) | 2 (10.5) | |
| Insulin clamp ratio | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.02 (0.00) | 0.026 |
| MRS—Liver fat | 3.40 (4.49) | 1.20 (1.30) | 3.32 (5.58) | 4.96 (4.40) | 0.060 |
| Intensity of physical activity | 35 (66.0) | 11 (78.6) | 13 (68.4) | 10 (52.6) | 0.284 |
| Smoking habits | 5 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.5) | 3 (15.8) | 0.310 |
| Adipocyte cell size (microm) | 95.62 (11.64) | 91.66 (13.53) | 96.66 (10.08) | 97.37 (12.22) | 0.355 |
| MRS—Heart fat | 5.86 (2.86) | 6.13 (3.69) | 5.41 (2.14) | 6.41 (3.00) | 0.560 |