Table 2.
Characteristics of the study population.
| Characteristic | Total (N=670,450) |
Urban (N=578,117) |
Rural (N=92,333) |
Standardized mean differencea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, median (IQR), y | 30.0 (23.0–38.0) | 30.0 (23.0–38.0) | 30.0 (22.0–38.0) | 0.01 |
| Age group, y | 0.07 | |||
| 18–24 | 215,624 (32.2) | 184,517 (31.9) | 31,107 (33.7) | |
| 25–29 | 103,181 (15.4) | 90,633 (15.7) | 12,548 (13.6) | |
| 30–34 | 108,616 (16.2) | 94,040 (16.3) | 14,576 (15.8) | |
| 35–39 | 116,458 (17.4) | 100,164 (17.3) | 16,294 (17.6) | |
| 40–44 | 126,571 (18.9) | 108,763 (18.8) | 17,808 (19.3) | |
| Year | 0.07 | |||
| 2011 | 150,138 (22.4) | 128,083 (22.2) | 22,055 (23.9) | |
| 2012 | 179,757 (26.8) | 153,963 (26.6) | 25,794 (27.9) | |
| 2013 | 141,138 (21.1) | 122,451 (21.2) | 18,687 (20.2) | |
| 2014 | 147,823 (22.0) | 128,647 (22.3) | 19,176 (20.8) | |
| 2015 | 51,594 (7.7) | 44,973 (7.8) | 6,621 (7.2) | |
| Region of residence | 0.39 | |||
| Northeast | 103,752 (15.5) | 94,007 (16.3) | 9,745 (10.6) | |
| Midwest | 147,362 (22.0) | 123,285 (21.3) | 24,077 (26.1) | |
| South | 280,343 (41.8) | 232,172 (40.2) | 48,171 (52.2) | |
| West | 138,993 (20.7) | 128,653 (22.3) | 10,340 (11.2) | |
| Provider type | 0.33 | |||
| Emergency medicine | 56,573 (8.4) | 48,621 (8.4) | 7,952 (8.6) | |
| Internal medicine | 92,589 (13.8) | 83,268 (14.4) | 9,321 (10.1) | |
| Family medicine & Pediatrics NEC | 239,628 (35.7) | 202,039 (34.9) | 37,589 (40.7) | |
| OBGYN | 41,014 (6.1) | 37,057 (6.4) | 3,957 (4.3) | |
| MD / DO NEC | 42,301 (6.3) | 35,627 (6.2) | 6,674 (7.2) | |
| NP / PA | 45,401 (6.8) | 34,571 (6.0) | 10,830 (11.7) | |
| Other | 133,545 (19.9) | 119,774 (20.7) | 13,771 (14.9) | |
| Unknown | 19,399 (2.9) | 17,160 (3.0) | 2,239 (2.4) | |
| Receipt of urine tests at index | ||||
| Urinalysis | 537,258 (80.1) | 460,102 (79.6) | 77,156 (83.6) | 0.10 |
| Culture | 340,643 (50.8) | 299,733 (51.8) | 40,910 (44.3) | 0.15 |
| Health Plan Type | 0.32 | |||
| Basic, comprehensive or high-deductible | 41,617 (6.2) | 36,592 (6.3) | 5,025 (5.4) | |
| CDHP | 50,967 (7.6) | 43,924 (7.6) | 7,043 (7.6) | |
| EPO or PPO | 416,495 (62.1) | 351,874 (60.9) | 64,621 (70.0) | |
| HMO | 87,588 (13.1) | 82,962 (14.4) | 4,626 (5.0) | |
| POS or POS with capitation | 46,669 (7.0) | 40,354 (7.0) | 6,315 (6.8) | |
| Unknown | 27,114 (4.0) | 22,411 (3.9) | 4,703 (5.1) |
Note: CDHP, consumer-driven health plans; DO, doctor of osteopathic medicine; EPO, exclusive provider organization; HMO, health maintenance organization; IQR, interquartile range; MD, medical doctor; NEC, not elsewhere classified; NP, nurse practitioner; OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology; PA, physician’s assistant; POS, point of service; PPO, Preferred provider organization.
a
Standardized mean differences <0.10 indicate balance in observed covariates between rural and urban women.