Fig. 3. Indole and probiotic treatment mitigates alcohol-associated pneumonia via aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling.

Binge-on-chronic alcohol-fed mice with and without treatment were infected with Klebsiella and sacrificed 48 h post-infection. a Experimental schema. b Klebsiella lung burden (Log CFU/ml). c Klebsiella splenic burden (Log CFU/ml). Bars represent the mean ± SEM and dots represent individual mice. P values are indicated in the figure and were determined by one‐way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparison test. N = 10/group.