Fig. 9. Indole and probiotics alter the intestinal microbial structure of alcohol-fed mice.

Binge-on-chronic alcohol-fed mice with and without treatment were infected with Klebsiella and sacrificed 48 h post-infection. a Beta diversity of alcohol-fed mice with and without treatment, as determined by distance‐based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) on sample‐wise Bray–Curtis dissimilarity distances. Differentially abundant OTUs at the b genus or c species level as determined by DESeq2 using a negative binomial generalized linear models for each taxa and Wald test for significances. For each comparison (i.e., columns): taxa with a blue dot (down) indicates that the taxa is decreased in alcohol-fed animals compared to the indicated treatment (i.e., pair-fed, indole, etc.), while taxa with a red dot (up) indicates that the taxa is enriched in alcohol-fed mice compared to the indicated treatment. Absolute indicates the magnitude of the log2fold change. N = 5/group.