Table 1.
Covariates included in the two-part mixed-effects models according to the level of analysis.
| Variables | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Level 1 covariates: Characteristics of the care-seeking events | ||
| Cause of health-seeking | Categorical | Health condition for which care has been sought |
| Sequence of health visits | Categorical | A dummy variable indicating the first, second, or the third episode of the healthcare-seeking event for a household member in the last six months |
| Healthcare provider | Categorical | Type of providers from whom healthcare was sought after |
| Level 2 covariates: Characteristics of the individual household members for whom healthcare was sought | ||
| Gender | Binary | Gender of an individual household member |
| Age categories | Categorical | Age of the household member as a category |
| Relationship with household head | Categorical | Relationship of the household member with the household head |
| Education | Categorical | Educational attainment of the household member |
| Employment status | Binary | Employment status of the household member |
| Disability | Binary | Presence of any disability of the household member |
| Level 3 covariates: Characteristics of the household heads and the household | ||
| Gender | Binary | Gender of the household head |
| Age categories | Categorical | Age categories of the household heads |
| Education | Categorical | Educational attainment of the household head |
| Occupation | Categorical | Occupation of the household heads |
| Freedom of decision making | Binary | Perceived level of freedom of decision making of the household heads |
| Household head's social capital measures | Continuous | Four standardized factor scores of household head's social capital constructs derived from the MCFA measured by Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool-India (SASCAT-I) |
| Religion | Binary | Religion of the household |
| Caste | Categorical | Social caste of the household |
| Caste concordance | Binary | An indicator which reflects if the household caste was the same as the dominant caste of the community |
| Wealth | Categorical | Asset index was developed by principal component analysis using 27 household asset-related binary variables. The standardized score of the first component was used to create five asset quintile groups, where Quintile 1 was assigned to the least wealthy household, and Quintile 5 was assigned to the wealthiest household |
| Financial stability | Categorical | Response of the household heads to the question “In the last 12 months, how has your financial situation changed overall?” |
| Household member number | Continuous | Number of members living in the household for the last six months |
| Monthly health expenditure | Continuous | Reported total monthly healthcare expenditure converted into the International.$ using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 2017 of India*. This is considered as the proxy of the severity of illness. |
| Level 4 covariates: Characteristics of the community | ||
| Census block | Categorical | The administrative boundary which serves as the enumeration block of the census in each district |
| Community wealth | Continuous | Standardized average scores of the first component of principal component analysis from the households of each cluster |
| Community reciprocity | Continuous | The community-level average response of household heads of two questions: (1) “Do you think people in your village generally are willing to help each other out?” and (2) “Do you think if you help someone in your village, they will help you in return when you need it?” (response: Yes = 2, Sometime = 1, No = 0) |
| Community social capital | Continuous | Community-level standardized factor scores of four social capital constructs derived from the MCFA |
Note: * = 1 International Doller = 20.648 Rupee (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?locations=IN).