. 2021 Aug 21;15:100901. doi: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100901

Table 3.

Multivariate fixed and random-effect estimates derived from Model 6 of four-level mixed-effect probit model (Part 1: selection equation) and three-level mixed-effects linear model with log link and gamma distribution (Part 2: regression equation) in rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

	Four-level mixed-effect probit model (Part 1: selection equation)				Three-level mixed-effect linear model with log link and gamma distribution (Part 2: regression equation)
	Adjusted Marginal Probability		[95% CI]	P Value	Adjusted Rate Ratio		[95% CI]	P Value
Fixed Effects
*Household head's social capital*^a
H-SoS	0.02	*	[0.001, 0.03]	0.04	Not included in adjusted model^e
H-TR	−0.01		[-0.03, 0.004]	0.20	1.31	#	[0.96, 1.79]	0.09
H-SC	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.78	#	[0.58, 1.06]	0.11
*Community social capital*^a
C-OP	−0.004		[-0.02, 0.02]	0.69	0.90		[0.73, 1.11]	0.34
C-SoS	0.02	#	[-0.002, 0.04]	0.09	0.93		[0.75, 1.13]	0.45
C-TR	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.90	#	[0.78, 1.04]	0.14
C-SC	−0.03	*	[-0.06, −0.01]	0.02	0.92		[0.71, 1.18]	0.49
*Characteristics of Healthcare Event*
Cause of health-seeking (Ref: Acute Illness)
Pregnancy or delivery	0.08	*	[0.02, 0.15]	0.00	1.18		[0.71, 1.96]	0.00
Chronic illness	0.02	#	[-0.01, 0.06]		0.88		[0.61, 1.28]
Accident or injury	0.08	**	[0.02, 0.15]		1.30		[0.83, 2.04]
Others	−0.04	*	[-0.07, −0.01]		0.45	***	[0.29, 0.69]
Sequence of health visits (Ref: First)
Second	−0.03	**	[-0.06, −0.01]	0.00	0.65	*	[0.47, 0.91]	0.02
Third	−0.05	***	[-0.08, −0.02]		0.61	#	[0.35, 1.05]
Healthcare provider (Ref: Public)
Private	0.04	**	[0.01, 0.07]	0.00	0.94		[0.67, 1.32]	0.00
Informal	−0.07	**	[-0.10, −0.03]		0.25	***	[0.12, 0.49]
*Member's Characteristics*
Patient's age categories (Ref: 0–15 years)
16–49 years	0.03	#	[-0.001, 0.07]	0.12	1.77	*	[1.10, 2.84]	0.06
50 yeas or above	0.05	#	[-0.001, 0.10]		1.59	#	[0.94, 2.68]
Relationship with household head (Ref: Self)
Spouse	Not included in adjusted model^e				1.07		[0.73, 1.57]	0.92
Child/Parents					1.17		[0.75, 1.83]
Others					1.12		[0.59, 2.13]
Employment (Ref: Unemployed)
Employed	−0.03	#	[-0.06, 0.004]	0.11	Not included in adjusted model^e
Disability (Ref: No)
Yes	0.07	#	[-0.01, 0.14]	0.06	Not included in adjusted model^e
*Household Head's Characteristics*
Age categories (Ref: less than 30 years)
31-40	−0.04	#	[-0.09, 0.003]	0.03	Not included in adjusted model^e
41-50	−0.06	*	[-0.10, −0.01]
51-60	−0.03		[-0.09, 0.02]
61 and above	−0.09	**	[-0.15, −0.04]
Education (Ref: No Education)
Up to primary	−0.002		[-0.04, 0.04]	0.19	Not included in adjusted model^e
Up to secondary	−0.01		[-0.05, 0.03]
Above secondary	−0.06	*	[-0.11, −0.01]
Household head's occupation (Ref: Agriculture)
Wage laborer	0.03		[-0.01, 0.07]	0.33	Not included in adjusted model^e
Self-employed & Salaried	0.02		[-0.03, 0.07]
Unemployed	0.03		[-0.02, 0.08]
Freedom of decision making (Ref; Low)
High	−0.03		[-0.08, 0.02]	0.22	1.06		[0.69, 1.62]	0.80
*Household's Characteristics*
Household caste (Ref: General)
ST/SC	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.82		[0.55, 1.23]	0.58
OBC and Others	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.82		[0.54, 1.23]
Caste concordance^b (Ref: No)
Yes	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.86		[0.64, 1.16]	0.32
Household wealth (Ref: Poorest)
Poorer	0.02		[-0.03, 0.07]	0.51	1.46	#	[0.96, 2.24]	0.35
Medium	−0.001		[-0.05, 0.05]		1.34		[0.85, 2.11]
Richer	−0.01		[-0.06, 0.04]		1.51	#	[0.94, 2.41]
Richest	−0.02		[-0.07, 0.02]		1.55	#	[0.93, 2.59]
Financial stability of the household (Ref: Worsen)
Stable	−0.10	***	[-0.13, −0.06]	0.00	Not included in adjusted model^e
Improved	−0.15	***	[-0.20, −0.11]		Not included in adjusted model^e
Household member number (Count)	Not included in adjusted model^e				1.02		[0.95, 1.10]	0.57
Monthly health expenditure (per Int.$100)^c	0.006	***	[0.004, 0.007]	0.00	1.04	***	[1.02, 1.06]	0.00
*Community's Characteristics*
Census block (Ref: Behadar)
Kachhauna	0.03		[-0.02, 0.09]	0.10	1.83	#	[1.00, 3.33]	0.40
Kothwan	0.04	#	[-0.01, 0.09]		1.25		[0.76, 2.07]
Kasmanda	0.01		[-0.03, 0.06]		1.27		[0.73, 2.21]
Machhrehta	0.08	**	[0.03, 0.13]		1.12		[0.68, 1.83]
Sidhauli	0.02		[-0.02, 0.07]		1.04		[0.65, 1.68]
Community wealth^d	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.98		[0.83, 1.15]	0.77
Community reciprocity	Not included in adjusted model^e				0.65	*	[0.44, 0.95]	0.03
Random Effects
Level 4: Community variance	0.18
Level 4: ICC	0.03
Level 3: Household variance	2.48				~0.001
Level 3: ICC	0.35				~0.001
Level 2: Household members variance	2.26				0.57
Level 2: ICC	0.47				0.69
Fit Statistics
Log-likelihood (LL)	−1041				−3032
Akaike information criterion (AIC)	2170				6140
Observations	3063				464

Note: The adjusted regressions include data from 3063 health events of 2124 individual household members from 1758 households within 324 communities or sampling clusters, *** = p < 0.001, ** = p < 0.01, * = p < 0.05, # = p < 0.20.

a = Social capital scores were measured as the standardized factor score generated by multi-level confirmatory factor analysis of social capital indicators of Shortened Adapted Social Capital Assessment Tool in India (SASCAT-I).

b = Caste concordance: Household caste is the same as the caste of the majority of the population in the community.

c = Int.$ is calculated using Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) 2017 of India: 1 Int..$ = 20.648 Rup (https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/PA.NUS.PPP?locations=IN).

d = Community wealth is measured by the average of the individual household wealth index generated by PCA.

H-SoS = Household head's social support, H-TR = Household head's trust, H-SC = Household head's social cohesion.

C-OP = Community organizational participation, C-SoS = Community social support, C-TR = Community trust.

C-SC = Community social cohesion.

e = Variable was not included in the adjusted model as it did not present a significant association in the unadjusted model. Please, see the supplement 5 in the Additional File 1 for more information.