Table 1.
Commonalities among the effects of select healthy dietary interventions on biological hallmarks of aging in transcriptomic evidence.
| Dietary intervention | Aging hallmark/transcriptomic pathways influenced by intervention | Species | Tissue(s) | Central signaling mediators | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie restriction | Glucose dysregulation/insulin signaling ⇓; Inflammation ⇓; Oxidative phosphorylation ⇓; Immune response ⇑⇓; Circadian rhythm ⇑⇓ |
Rodents, non-human primates, humans | Liver, muscle, brain, white adipose tissue, blood mononuclear cells |
FOXO1, FOX03, IGF-1, GH, MTOR (insulin signaling) IL-6, MIF, p53, NF-κB (inflammation) AMPK, SIRT1, PPARα, PGC1-α (oxidative phosphorylation) C4, C1qa, Lzp-s, NF-κB (immunity) PER1, PER2, CRY, ROR-α, ROR γ (circadian rhythm) |
(6–13) |
| Intermittent fasting | Glucose insulin signaling ⇓; Inflammation ⇓; Oxidative phosphorylation ⇓ Immune response ⇑⇓; Circadian rhythm ⇑⇓. |
Rodents, humans | Liver, white adipose tissue, brain, muscle, blood mononuclear cells |
SIRT1, SIRT3, IGF-1, FOXO1, GH, MTOR, AMPK (insulin signaling) TNF-α, IL1B, IL-6 (inflammation) PPARα, SIRT1, SIRT2, PGC1-α (oxidative phosphorylation) APOA2, HPX, NF-κB (immune response) PER1, PER2, CRY (circadian rhythm) |
(6, 14–19) |
| Alternate day fasting/pro-longed fasting | Glucose insulin signaling ⇓; Inflammation ⇓; Immune response ⇑⇓; Circadian rhythm ⇑⇓. |
Rodents, some evidence in humans | Liver, brain, muscle, white adipose tissue |
SIRT1, SIRT3, IGF-1, FOXO1, GH, MTOR, AMPK (insulin signaling) TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, NF-κB (inflammation) NF-κB (immune response) PER 1, PER2, BMAL1 and CRY1, CRY2 (circadian rhythm) |
(9, 19, 20) |
| Time restricted feeding | Glucose insulin signaling ⇓; Inflammation ⇓; Oxidative phosphorylation⇓; Immune response ⇑⇓; Circadian rhythm ⇑⇓. |
Rodents, some evidence in humans | Liver, muscle, white adipose tissue |
SIRT1 SIRT3, AMPK, IGF-1, GH, MTOR (insulin signaling) TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β (inflammation) PPAR-α, SIRT1, SIRT3, AMPK (oxidative phosphorylation) NF-κB (immune response) PER 1, PER2, BMAL1 and CRY1, CRY2 (circadian rhythm) |
(9, 19–21) |
| Protein/amino acid restriction | Insulin signaling ⇓
Circadian rhythm ⇑⇓; Immune response ⇓ |
Rodents, some evidence in humans | Liver, kidney |
MTOR, AMPK, SIRT1 (insulin signaling) NF-κB (immune response) IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α (inflammation) BMAL1, CRY1, NPAS2, REV-ERBα (circadian rythym) |
(10, 22, 23) |
Arrows indicate effects on the pathway (increased/decreased). Species, tissues, select central signaling mediators, and references are included.