Skip to main content
. 2021 May 3;38(9):3606–3620. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab127

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3.

Evolution of TP53 in elephants and other afrotherians. (a) Phylogeny of TP53 sequences extracted from afrotherian genomes. TP53 retrogenes (Manatee RG1, eleMax, and loxAfr) appeared early in the evolution of paenungulates ∼55–60 million years ago (Ma), followed by subsequent amplification in the elephant lineage ∼45 Ma. Red dots indicate estimated nodes with posterior probability ≥90%. Red eleMax indicates TP53 retrogene sequences extracted from the “Methai” Asian elephant assembly, and blue eleMax indicates TP53 retrogene sequences extracted from the Asian elephant assembly “Icky” presented in this study. (b) TP53 copy number estimates based on read counts from three living (Asian elephant, bush, and forest elephants) and two extinct (straight-tusked elephant and woolly mammoth) elephant species. Shoulder height estimates from Larramendi (2015). Phylogeny is schematic only and represents relationships from Palkopoulou et al. (2018).