| Mobile voting framework (Abayomi-Zannu, Odun-Ayo & Barka, 2019) |
2 (s1,s2) |
Medium |
Medium |
At least 2 |
N/A |
| Multi-factor authentication protocol based on fuzzy extractor (Mohammed & Yassin, 2019) |
2 (s1,s3) |
Medium |
High |
2 |
N/A |
| Multi-factor authentication with single sign-on (Sciarretta et al., 2018) |
2 (s1,s2) |
Medium |
Medium |
2 |
N/A |
| Multi-factor authentication using mobile app and camera (Jindal & Misra, 2021) |
2 (s2,s3) |
Medium |
Medium to high |
2 |
N/A |
| Multi-factor authentication with location security (Ramatsakane & Leung, 2017) |
3 (s1,s2,s4) |
Medium |
Medium to high |
At least 2 |
Minimum of 5 s |
| Multi-factor authentication for net banking (Shaji & Soman, 2017) |
2 (s1,s2 or s2,s3) |
Medium |
Medium to high |
2 |
N/A |
| Three-factor authentication concept (Bissada & Olmsted, 2017) |
3 (s1,s2,s3) |
High |
High |
2 or 3 (not stated) |
N/A |
| Three-factor authentication in ATM (Abiew, Jnr & Banning, 2020) |
3 (s1,s2,s3) |
High |
High |
3 |
N/A |
| Three-factor authentication in e-health (Alghamdi, 2021) |
3 (s1,s2,s3) |
High |
High |
3 |
N/A |
| Employee attendance system (Kurniawan & Zaky, 2020) |
2 (s2,s3) |
Medium |
High |
2 |
N/A |
| Participant time attendance system (Pichetjamroen et al., 2021) |
2 (s2,s3) |
Medium |
High |
2 |
N/A |
| Four-factor student attendance system (Yazid et al., 2019) |
2 (s3,s4 based on the classical factors in this paper) |
High (due to onsite verification by human) |
High |
4 |
N/A |
| Multi-modal attendance tracking system (Liu et al., 2020) |
1 (s4, based on the classical factors in this paper) |
N/A |
High (for location) |
N/A |
N/A |
| Comprehensive-factor time attendance system (the proposed scheme) |
4 (s1,s2,s3,s4) |
High |
High |
1 (or zero) |
Less than 2 s |
