TABLE 3.
Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 transcription and translation
| Drug group | Examplesa | Virus protein | Host protein | Pathway | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLpro inhibitors | rac5c (less effective, rac3j and rac3k), GRL-0617, novel inhibitors VIR250 and VIR251 | PLpro (Nsp3) | NAb | Protease; virus mRNA maturation | 20, 33, 35, 51 |
| 3CLpro inhibitors | GRL-0496 (inhibitor SARS-CoV 3CLpro), GC376 (inhibitor SARS-CoV 3CLpro), lopinavir/ritonavir, ASC09F, GC813, and SK80 | 3CLpro (Nsp5) | NA | Protease; virus mRNA maturation | 19, 21, 52 |
| Nucleotide/nucleoside analog inhibitors | Remdesivir, faripiravir, galidesivir, and penciclovir | Polymerase complex (Nsp12-Nsp7-Nsp8) | NA | Polymerase; virus RNA synthesis | 23, 54 |
| Remdesivir, ribavirin, 5-fluorouracil, and β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC, EIDD 1931/2801) | Exoribonuclease (Nsp14) | Exoribonuclease; virus RNA synthesis (proofreading and recombination) | 24 | ||
| Bismuth salts | Bismuth-peptic complex and ranitidine bismuth citrate | NTPase and RNA helicase (Nsp13) | NA | RNA processing; virus replication, transcription, translation, and encapsidation | 22 |
a
Bold indicates that the compound is in a clinical trial for treatment of COVID-19.
b
NA, not applicable.