Table 3.
Adjusted Estimates of Between-Nutritional Group Differences in Decline in Physical Performance Among Disability-Free SLAS2 Participants
| Decline from Baseline | Between Group Differences | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted Mean (95% CI) | Adjusted Mean (95% CI) | % | ||||
| KES, kg | ||||||
| Malnutrition risk score | 0 | −2.63 | (−3.44, −1.82) | 0 | Reference | 0 |
| 1–2 | −2.65 | (−3.44, −1.86) | −0.02 | (−0.55, 0.51) | 0.8 | |
| 3+ | −2.46 | (−3.38, −1.53) | 0.17 | (−0.67, 1.01) | 6.5 | |
| Eating difficulty due to oral problems | No | −2.58 | (−3.31, −1.85) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.33 | (−3.54, −1.13) | 0.24 | (−0.75, 1.24) | 9.3 | |
| Taking 5 or more drugs | No | −2.65 | (−3.38, −0.19) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.52 | (−0.35, −0.59) | 0.13 | (−0.64, 0.89) | 4.9 | |
| Few fruits or vegetables | No | −2.70 | (−3.44, −1.96)*** | 0 | ||
| Yes | −1.76 | (−2.81, −0.71)** | 0.94 | (0.07, 1.82)* | 34.8 | |
| Low cholesterol | No | −2.58 | (−3.33, −1.82) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.73 | (−3.65, −1.81) | −0.16 | (−0.89, 0.57) | 6.2 | |
| Low albumin | No | −2.50 | (−3.25, −1.74) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.81 | (−3.68, −1.93) | −0.31 | (−0.93, 0.31) | 11.3 | |
| Low haemoglobin | No | −2.55 | (−3.31, −1.80) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.79 | (−3.68, −1.90) | −0.23 | (−0.87, 0.41) | 9.0 | |
| Low lymphocyte count | No | −2.60 | (−3.34, −1.86) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −2.66 | (−3.87, −1.45) | −0.06 | (−1.04, 0.91) | 2.3 | |
| GV, m/s | ||||||
| Malnutrition risk score | 0 | −0.14 | (−0.20, −0.09) | 0 | Reference | 0 |
| 1–2 | −0.17 | (−0.23, −0.12)* | −0.03 | (−0.07, −0.01)* | 21.4 | |
| 3+ | −0.21 | (−0.28, −0.15)* | −0.07 | (−0.13, −0.001)* | 50.0 | |
| Eating difficulty due to oral problems | No | −0.16 | (−0.21, −0.11) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.20 | (−0.28, −0.12) | −0.04 | (−0.11, 0.03) | 25.0 | |
| Taking 5 or more drugs | No | −0.16 | (−0.22, −0.11) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.22 | (−0.27, −0.15) | −0.05 | (−0.10, 0.01) | 31.2 | |
| Few fruits or vegetables | No | −0.16 | (−0.21, −0.11) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.20 | (−0.27, −0.12) | −0.04 | (−0.10, 0.03) | 25.0 | |
| Low cholesterol | No | −0.16 | (−0.21, −0.11) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.20 | (−0.27, −0.13) | −0.04 | (−0.09, 0.01) | 25.0 | |
| Low albumin | No | −0.16 | (−0.21, −0.10) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.22 | (−0.28, −0.15)** | −0.06 | (−0.10, −0.02)** | 37.5 | |
| Low haemoglobin | No | −0.17 | (−0.22, −0.12) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.18 | (−0.24, −0.12) | −0.01 | (−0.06, 0.03) | 5.9 | |
| Low lymphocyte count | No | −0.17 | (−0.22, −0.12) | 0 | ||
| Yes | −0.20 | (−0.28, −0.11) | −0.03 | (−0.09, 0.04) | 17.6 | |
| TUG, sec | ||||||
| Malnutrition risk score | 0 | 0.61 | (0.10, 1.12) | 0 | Reference | 0 |
| 1–2 | 0.96 | (0.46, 1.46) | 0.34 | (−0.03, 0.72) | 55.7 | |
| 3+ | 1.38 | (0.79, 1.97)** | 0.77 | (0.17, 1.37)** | 126.2 | |
| Eating difficulty due to oral problems | No | 1.01 | (0.54, 1.48) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.59 | (0.83, 2.35) | 0.58 | (−0.05, 1.21) | 57.4 | |
| Taking 5 or more drugs | No | 1.05 | (0.59, 1.52) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.65 | (1.04, 2.26)* | 0.59 | (0.10, 1.09)* | 56.2 | |
| Few fruits or vegetables | No | 1.04 | (0.57, 1.52) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.03 | (0.35, 1.72) | −0.007 | (−0.580, 0.565) | 0.7 | |
| Low cholesterol | No | 0.85 | (0.367, 1.33) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.14 | (0.55, 1.74) | 0.29 | (−0.18, 0.76) | 34.1 | |
| Low albumin | No | 0.77 | (0.29, 1.24) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.46 | (0.90, 2.02)*** | 0.70 | (0.30, 1.08)*** | 90.9 | |
| Low haemoglobin | No | 0.91 | (0.43, 1.39) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 0.99 | (0.43, 1.56) | 0.09 | (−0.32, 0.49) | 9.9 | |
| Low lymphocyte count | No | 0.91 | (0.44, 1.38) | 0 | ||
| Yes | 1.40 | (0.65, 2.16) | 0.49 | (−0.12, 1.11) | 53.8 | |
Notes: Ref: Reference; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (Bonferroni-adjusted). Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, education, housing type, marital status, living arrangement, hours of moderate to high physical activity, number of comorbidities, GDS, MMSE and baseline KES (or GV or TUG). Deterioration from baseline is measured with appropriate reverse signs for changes from baseline of KES, GV and TUG.