Table 1.
Clinical Management Outcomes
| Citation | Study Design | Country | Model of Communication | Parties Communicating | Population Studied | Number of Patient | Description of Intervention | Description of Comparator | Result Summary | Statistical Test | Overall Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen et al (2019)17 | RCT | United States | Special electronic device (The Health Buddy) and Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Veteran Patient, diagnose with type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 30 | Pharmacist care based on special electronic device-based Telephone-based counselling to improve diabetes therapy control |
Usual care (care by nurses based on special electronic devices for monitoring the patient’s daily condition |
Intervention Group: - Before: 8.9 ± 2.1 - After: 8.8 ± 2.0 - Mean change: 0.40 (−1.01 to 0.23) Control Group: - Before:7.6 ± 1.1 - After: 6.9 ± 0.9 - Mean change: −0.42 (−0.21 to 1.04) P-value: 0.006 Significance (p<0.05) |
Chi-square and t-test | Positive |
| McFarland et al (2012)19 | Non-RCT | United States | Electronic messaging, online reporting and telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Veteran Patient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 103 | Telephone-based counseling Online monitoring of blood sugar levels |
Counseling via Telephone |
Intervention Group: - Before: 9.0 ± 1.1% - After: 6.9 ± 1.5% - Mean change: 2.1 ± 1.7% Control Group: - Before: 9.1 ± 1.6% - After: 7.5 ± 1.1% - Mean change: 1.6 ± 1.2% P-value: 0.0066 Significance (p<0.05) |
Wilcoxon & T-test | Positive |
| Peasah et al (2020)21 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacy Student | Adult Patient with HbA1c ≥7% | 78 | Weekly counseling via telephone for 12 weeks | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 8.5 (1.4) - After: 8.2 (1.4) - Mean change: −0.35 (0.88) Control Group: - Before: 7.9 (1.3) - After: 8.2 (1.3) - Mean change: 0.338 (0.802) P-value: 0.0019 Significance (p<0.05) |
Chi square and paired t-tets | Positive |
| O’Connor et al (2014)22 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Multidiciplinary Team | Adult Patient, diagnose with diabetes | 2378 | Monitoring, follow-up, education and reminders to take medication via telephone for 2–6 weeks | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 9.76 ± 1.66% - After: - - Mean change: −1.08 ± 1.78% Control Group: - Before: 9.83 ± 1.65% - After: - - Mean change: −0.90 ± 1.85% P-value: 0.0476 Significance (p<0.05) |
Not mentioned | Positive |
| Sarayani et al (2018)23 | RCT | Iran | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Adult Patient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 100 | Weekly consultation via telephone for 3 months | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 7.84 ± 1.17 - 3 Months: 6.97 ± 1.14 - 9 Months: 6.96 ± 1.44 Control Group: - Before: 8.16 ± 1.66 - 3 Months:7.09 ± 1.78 - 9 Months: 7.26 ± 1.85 P-value: 0.0476 Significance (p<0.05) |
Chi square or T- test and Paired t-test | Positive |
| Aguiar et al (2016)24 | RCT | Brazil | Telephone | Patient, physician & pharmacist | Patient aged 40–79 years old, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 80 | Telephone consultation and monitoring for drug therapy and medication adherence | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 9.03 ± 1.3 - 12 Months: −0.79 (−1.1 to −0.5) Control Group: - Before: 8.87 ± 1.4 - 12 Months: −0.16 (−0.5 to 0.2) P-value: 0.010 Significance (p<0.05) |
Fisher Exact and Student’s t-test | Positive |
| Jarab et al (2012)25 | RCT | Jordan | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Adult outpatient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 156 | Monitoring and follow-up treatment via telephone for 8 weeks | Usual care (without pharmacist intervention) |
Intervention Group: - Before: 8.5 (6.9 to 10.3) - 6 Months: −0.8 (−1.6 to 0.1) Control Group: - Before: 8.4 (6.6 to 10.2) - 6 Months: +0.1 (−0.4 to 0.7) P-value: 0.019 |
Pearson chi square and T-test | Positive |
| Lauffenburger et al (2019)26 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged 18–64 years old with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes | 1400 | Telephone consultation and drug management | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 9.3 (1.6) - After: −0.75 (1.96) - Proportion achieving optimal HbA1c: 34.8% Control Group: - Before: 9.4 (1.6) - After −0.79 (2.01) - Proportion achieving optimal HbA1c: 38.0% |
Proc-Power and ANOVA | Positive |
| Choudry et al (2018)27 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged 18–84 years old with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes | 4078 | Telephone consultation and monitoring of drug therapy adherence | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 9.8 (1.8) - After: 9.3 (2.0) Control Group: - Before: 9.5 (1.4) - After: 9.2 (1.8) 0.2% (95% CI, −0.2–-0.5%) |
Not mentioned | Positive |
| Lee et al (2017)28 | RCT | Malaysia | Software applications and web based applications | Patient and multidisciplinary Team | Patient aged > 18 years old, diagnose with diabetes and fasting | 85 | Blood glucose monitoring Diabetes management counseling, medication adherence and lifestyle modification |
Usual care (clinical visit) |
HbA1c ● Intervention Group: - End of study: 7.62% (1.61) - Reduction: −1.06% (1.66) ● Control Group: - End of study: 8.55% (1.86) - Reduction: −0.22% (1.48) P value: <0.01 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) ● Intervention Group: - End of study: 9.69 (3.56) - Reduction: −0.01 (3.57) ● Control Group: - End of study: 8.75 (3.83) - Reduction: 0.06 (3.42) P value: 0.97 Significance (p<0.05) |
Student;s t-test and chi square | Positive |
| Shane-McWhorter (2015) | RCT | United States | Special electronic device (Authentidate Electronic House Call) and interactive voice response | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged > 18 years old, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 150 | Blood glucose value monitoring, diabetes management and education | Usual care (clinical visit) |
HbA1c ● Intervention Group: - Baseline: 75 (9.87 ± 2.06) - End of study: 75 (7.80 ± 1.64) - Reduction: −2.07 (2.36) - P-value: <0.001 ● Control Group: - Baseline: 75 (9.44 ± 1.72) - End of study: 75 (8.78 ± 1.86) - Reduction: −0.66 (1.99) - P-value: 0.006 P-value (intervention vs control): <0.001 |
Comparison between intervention & control: independent t-test or chi-square Comparison between pre-post outcome: paired t-test |
Positive |
Abbreviations: RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial.