Table 2.
Medication Adherence Outcomes
| Citation | Study Design | Country | Model of Communication | Parties Communicating | Population Studied | Number of Patient | Description of Intervention | Description of Comparator | Result Summary | Adherence Measured Tools | Statistical Test | Overall Effect |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cohen et al (2019)17 | RCT | United States | Special electronic device (The Health Buddy) and Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Veteran Patient, diagnose with type 1 or type 2 diabetes | 30 | Pharmacist care based on special electronic device-based Telephone-based counselling to improve diabetes therapy control |
Usual care (care by nurses based on special electronic devices for monitoring the patient’s daily condition | Intervention Group: - Before: 35.5 ± 29.7 - After: 42.2 ± 41.6 - Mean change: 3.9 (−12.7 to 20.6) Control Group: - Before: 46.9 ± 24.9 - After: 51.1 ± 25.8 - Mean change: 2.6 (−15.4 to 20.6) (8.9; 95% CI –20.0 to 37.4) |
Pill counts and Grymonpre adherence formula | T-test | Neutral |
| O’Connor et al (2014)22 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Multidiciplinary Team | Adult Patient, diagnose with diabetes | 2378 | Monitoring, follow-up, education and reminders to take medication via telephone for 2–6 weeks | Usual care | Intervention Group: - 60 days: 85.8% - 180 days: 64% - MPR: 0.90 Control Group: - 60 days: 85.8% - 180 days: 64% - MPR: 0.90 P-value - 60 days: 0.35 - 180 days: 0.30 - MPR: 0.13 Significance (p<0.05) |
Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Neutral |
| Sarayani et al (2018)23 | RCT | Iran | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Adult Patient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 100 | Weekly consultation via telephone for 3 months | Usual care | Intervention Group: - Before: 5.80 ± 1.78 - 3 Months: 7.22 ± 1.29 - 9 Months: 7.19 ± 1.26 Control Group: - Before: 6.06 ± 1.52 - 3 Months: 6.42 ± 1.52 - 9 Months: 5.92 ± 1.64 p-value < 0.01 |
Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire | Chi square and Wilcoxon test | Positive |
| Lyons et al (2016)29 | RCT | England | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Adult Patient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 684 | Telephone consultation for medication adherence and health monitoring | Usual care |
Self-reported medication nonadherence Intervention Group: - Before: 44 (13.3) - After: 88/294 (29.9%) Control Group: - Before: 43 (13.1) - After: 127/313 (40.6%) (95% CI 1.14 to 2.24, p=0.006) |
Diagnostic Adherence to Medication Scale) | Generalised estimating equation (GEE) and χ2 test |
Positive |
| Jarab et al (2012)25 | RCT | Jordan | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Adult outpatient, diagnose with type 2 diabetes | 156 | Monitoring and follow-up treatment via telephone for 8 weeks | Usual care (without pharmacist intervention) |
Self-reported medication nonadherence Intervention Group: - Before: 74.1% (63) - 6 Months: 28.6% (22) Control Group: - Before: 70.9% (61) - 6 Months: 64.6% (51) P-value: 0.003 |
Morisky Medication Adherence Questionnaire | Pearson chi square | Positive |
| Lauffenburger et al (2019)26 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged 18–64 years old with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes | 1400 | Telephone consultation and drug management | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 80.5 (21.3) - After: 81.9 (30.1) - Proportion achieving optimal adherence: 72.1% Control Group: - Before: 79.8 (22.1) - After: 81.9 (31.0) - Proportion achieving optimal adherence: 73.7% |
Linking observed fills based on dispensing and supply date | Proc-Power and ANOVA | Neutral |
| Choudry et al (2018)27 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged 18–84 years old with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes | 4078 | Telephone consultation and monitoring of drug therapy adherence | Usual care |
Intervention Group: - Before: 57.8 (18.0) - After: 46.2 (33.9) Control Group: - Before: 57.2 (18.6) - After: 42.1 (33.8) 4.7% (95% CI, 3.0–6.4%) |
Prescription claims data | Not mentioned | Positive |
| Odegard et al (2012)30 | RCT | United States | Telephone | Patient and Pharmacist | Patient aged > 18 years old with oral diabetic medication prescription | 338 | Follow-up of therapy compliance via telephone | Usual care |
Intervention Group: ● Low MPR Before → 0.68 ± 0.1 After → 0.86 ± 0.13 12 Months: Before → 0.61 ± 0.16 After → 0.81 ± 0.17 ● High MPR 6 Months: Before → 0.95 ± 0.05 After → 0.93 ± 0.08 12 Months: Before → 0.95 ± 0.05 After → 0.94 ± 0.09 ● Control Group: ● Low MPR 6 Months: Before → 0.66 ± 0.12 After → 0.76 ± 0.16 12 Months: Before → 0.63 ± 0.14 After● → 0.71 ± 0.17 ● High MPR 6 Months: Before → 0.94 ± 0.06 After → 0.91 ± 0.11 12 Months: Before → 0.93 ± 0.06 After → 0.88 ± 0.13 |
Medication Possession Ratio | Parametric or non-parametric test | Positive |
Abbreviations: RCT, Randomized Controlled Trial; MPR, Medication Possession Ratio.