Figure 16.

Novel 3D μPAD designs for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers with fluorescence-based detection methods. a) Schematic illustration of the 3D μPAD configuration that is capable of DNA amplification on the paper device. b) Diagram of DNA amplification process on the 3D μPAD from lysing cells in a sample to filtration and finally fluorescent detection of the captured miRNAs. Reproduced with permission.^[114] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. c) Schematic representation of the multiplex detection mechanism that used silver coating-based signal enhancement for the recovered fluorescent signal and generation of visual signal upon miRNA detection. Reproduced with permission.^[116] Copyright 2017, Elsevier.