Table 3.

Summary of 2D μPADs for the multiplex detection of cancer biomarkers.

Biomarkers	Sample	Configuration	Signal	Reporter	Limit of Detection	Analysis Time	Ref
AFP, CA 125, CEA	Serum	Array	Chemiluminescent	HRP	AFP: 25 ng/mL CA 125: 35 ng/mL CEA: 5 ng/mL	3.5 min	[97a]
AFP, CA-125, CEA	Serum	Array	Chemiluminescent	HRP	AFP: N/A CA-125: N/A CEA: 0.05 ng/mL	16 min	[100]
AFP, CEA, PSA	Serum	Branched	Chemiluminescent	HRP	AFP: 2 ng/mL CEA: 0.02 ng/mL PSA 0.03 ng/mL	30 min	[94]
CA 19–9, CEA	Whole blood or serum	Branched	Fluorescent	Multicolored polystyrene particles	CA 19–9: 0.1 U/mL CEA: 1pg/mL	1 min	[98]
EpCAM and GCP3 positive cells	Phosphate buffer solution	Single Detection Zone	Electrochemical and fluorescent	CdTe and ZnSe QDs on silica NPs	10 cells/mL	85 min	[97b]
K562 (leukemia), MCF-7 (breast cancer), HL-60 (leukemia)	Serum	Branched	Visual and fluorescent	QDs on silica NPs	K562: 65 cells/mL MCF-7: 62 cells/mL HL-60: 70 cells/mL	30 min	[92]