Table 4.

Summary of 3D μPADs for the multiplex detection of cancer biomarkers.

Biomarkers	Sample	Configuration	Signal	Reporter	Limit of Detection	Analysis Time	Ref
CA125 CEA CA15–3	Serum	Stacked	Photoelectrochemical	Carbon Dots	CA125: 3.6 mU/mL CA15–3: 3.8 mU/mL CEA: 1.8 pg/mL	20 min	[119]
AFP CA125 CA199 CEA	Serum	Stacked	Electrochemiluminescent	Ru(bpy)32	AFP: 0.15 ng/mL CA 125: 0.6 U/mL CA 199: 0.17 U/mL CEA: 0.5 ng/mL	30 min	[99]
AFP CEA	Serum	Origami	Photoelectrochemical	Glucose oxidase on silver NPs	AFP: 0.5 pg/mL CEA: 0.3 pg/mL	8 min	[112]
CA125 CEA	Serum	Stacked	Electrochemical	HRP	CA 125: 0.2 mU/mL CEA: 0.01ng/mL	CA 125: 2.5 min CEA: 3.3 min	[106]
CEA NSE	Serum	Stacked	Electrochemiluminescent	Au NPs	CEA: 2 pg/mL NSE: 10 pg/mL	1 hr	[113]
AFP CEA	Serum	Origami	Electrochemical	Gu NPs	AFP: 0.8 pg/mL CEA: 0.5 pg/mL	40 min	[120]
AFP CA153 CA199 CEA	Serum and whole blood	Origami	Chemiluminescent	Silver NPs	AFP: 25 ng/mL CA153: 0.4 U/mL CA199: 0.06 U/mL CEA: 0.02 ng/mL	9.3 min	[101]
AFP CEA	Serum	Origami	Electrochemical	Nanoporous Au chitosan	AFP: 0.08 pg/mL CEA 0.06 pg/mL	5.3 min	[107]
CA125 CA 199	Serum	Origami	Electrochemical	Nanoporous silver chitosan	CA 125: 0.08 mU/mL CA 199: 0.1 mU/mL	6 min	[108]
CEA HCG PSA	Serum	Origami	Electrochemical	Reduced graphene oxide silver NPs	CEA: 0.33 pg/mL HCG: 0.0007 mU/mL PSA: 0.35 pg/mL	5 min	[111]
AFP CEA	Standard	Origami	Electrochemiluminescent	Au/Pd NPs	AFP: 0.82 fg/cell CEA: 24.69 fg/cell	110 min	[121]
CA125 CEA	Serum	Origami	Electrochemiluminescent	Au-BSA NPs	CA 125: 0.06 mU/mL CEA: 0.08 pg/mL	7 min	[110]
CA199 AFP CEA	Serum	Origami	Fluorescent	Fluorescein isothiocyanate	AFP: 0.03 ng/mL CA 199: 0.09 U/mL CEA: 0.05 ng/mL	5 min	[102]
AFP CA125 CA153 CEA	Serum	Stacked	Electrochemical	HRP on silver NPs	AFP: 0.001 ng/mL CA125: 0.001 ng/mL CA153: 0.005 ng/mL CEA: 0.005 ng/mL	4.2 min	[105]
AFP CA125 CA153 CEA	Standard solutions	Stacked	Electrochemical	HRP	AFP: 0.01 ng/mL CA125: 0.05 ng/mL CA153: 0.05 ng/mL CEA: 0.01 ng/mL	4.2 min	[104]
miRNA21 Folate Receptor (FR)	Standard	Origami	Fluorescent	MnO2 sheets	miRNA 21: 0.0033 fM FR: 0.667 ng/mL	1 hr	[122]
miRNA21 miRNA155	NE buffer	Origami	Fluorescent	QDs	3 × 10⁶ copies	20 min	[114]
miRNA21 miRNA210	Standard	Origami	Visual and fluorescent	Silver enhanced fluorophores	miRNA-21: 0.06 fM miRNA-210: 0.03 fM	15 min	[116]
CCRF-CEM K562 HL-60 MCF-7	Spiked Serum	Origami	Electrochemiluminescent	Au/Pd NPs	CCRF-CEM: 265 cells/mL K562: 241 cells/mL HL-60: 236 cells/mL MCF: 250 cells/mL	5 min	[117]
CCRF-CEM HeLa K562 MCF-7	Spiked Serum	Origami	Electrochemiluminescent	Semicarbazide and graphene QD enhanced silver NPs	CCRF-CEM: 53 cells/mL HeLa: 67 cells/mL K562: 42 cells/mL MCF-7: 38 cells/mL	2 hr	[118]