Table 2.
Risk of Bias Judgments by Domain for Individual Studies.
| Study ID | Random sequence generation | Allocation sequence concealment | Blinding of participants and personnel | Blinding of outcome assessment | Incomplete outcome data (e.g., attrition) | Selective outcome reporting | Other biases | Overall RoB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aerni et al. (2011) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Aguilar et al. (2010) | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Aizaki et al. (2013) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Akaichi et al. (2016) | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | N/A | N/A | Low | Unclear |
| Ankamah-Yeboah et al. (2018) | Low | N/A | N/A | Low | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Aoki and Akai (2013) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | Low | High | Low | High |
| Aoki et al. (2017) | N/A | Unclear | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Apaolaza et al. (2017) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Unclear |
| Aprile et al. (2012) | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Bauer et al. (2013) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Blend and Van Ravenswaay (1999) | Low | Unclear | High | High | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Borin et al. (2011) | High | High | N/A | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Brach et al. (2018) | Low | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Brayden et al. (2018) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Brunner et al. (2018) | High | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | High |
| Campbell-Arvai et al. (2014) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Caputo et al. (2018) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Carlsson et al. (2010) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Carlucci et al. (2017) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Cho (2014) | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Low | High |
| Cho and Baskin (2018) | N/A | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Cholette et al. (2013) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Unclear | Unclear |
| Cosmina et al. (2016) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Daunfeldt and Rudholm (2014) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Low | Unclear |
| Delmas and Lessem (2017) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| De Pelsmacker et al. (2005) | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Durham et al. (2012) | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Elofsson et al. (2016) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Fernandez-Polanco et al. (2013) | N/A | N/A | High | High | N/A | Unclear | Low | High |
| Gosselt et al. (2019) | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Grebitus et al. (2013) | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Grunert et al. (2014) | N/A | N/A | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Gumirakiza et al. (2017) | Low | Low | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | High | High | High |
| Hallstein and Villas-Boas (2013) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Harwood and Drake (2018) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | High | Low | High |
| Hoek et al. (2017) | N/A | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Hoogland et al. (2007) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Jaffry et al. (2004) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Kim et al. (2013) | Low | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Unclear | Unclear | High |
| Lee et al. (2018) | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High | High |
| Lee et al. (2018) | Low | Low | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | High | High |
| Mondelaers et al. (2009) | N/A | N/A | High | High | N/A | Low | Unclear | High |
| Osman and Thornton (2019) | Low | Low | High | High | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Panzone et al. (2011) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | High | High |
| Pelletier et al. (2016) | N/A | N/A | High | High | N/A | Low | High | High |
| Peschel et al. (2016) | Unclear | Unclear | High | High | N/A | Low | Low | High |
| Risius et al. (2017) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Rokka and Uusitalo (2008) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | High | Unclear | High |
| Seo et al. (2019) | Unclear | N/A | Unclear | Unclear | N/A | Low | Low | Unclear |
| Shuai et al. (2014) | N/A | N/A | High | High | N/A | High | High | High |
| Silva et al. (2017) | Low | Unclear | High | High | Low | High | High | High |
| Vlaeminck et al. (2014) | Low | Low | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Wessells et al. (1999) | Unclear | Low | High | High | High | High | High | High |
| Wuepper et al. (2019) | Low | Low | N/A | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
| Zanoli et al. (2015) | N/A | N/A | Low | Low | N/A | Low | Low | Low |
Note. RoB = risk of bias.