Table 1.
Possible immune checkpoints in pituitary tumors.
| Immune checkpoint | Application in pituitary tumors | Research type | Recommendation | Ref. | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD-1/PD-L1 | Cushing's disease ACTH pituitary carcinomas Prolactin pituitary carcinomas |
Preclinical Clinical Clinical |
Used in pituitary tumors with high expression of PD-L1, combined with other target inhibitors when necessary | [32] [37] [38] [39] |
2020 2021 2020 2020 |
| CTLA-4 | ACTH pituitary carcinomas Prolactin pituitary carcinomas |
Clinical Clinical |
Combination therapy of CTLA-4 inhibitors with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors | [37] [39] |
2021 2020 |
| TIM-3 | — | — | Tim-3 blocking combined with PD-L1 blocking | — | — |
| LAG-3 | — | — | Combined with other targets, dual blocking | — | — |
| TIGIT | — | — | Combined with other targets, dual blocking (functional pituitary tumors) | — | — |
PD-1/PD-L1: programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1; CTLA-4: cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen, 4; TIM-3: T cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain-3; LAG-3: lymphocyte activation-gene-3; TIGIT: T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and Itim domains.