. 2021 Aug 16;2021:3663315. doi: 10.1155/2021/3663315

Table 2.

Plants reported with antimicrobial activity against MDR bacteria from 2015to 2021.

Plant	Part	Active compound	Mechanism of action	Active against^∗	Findings	Reference
Alkanna tinctoria	Leaves	Alkaloids		MRSA, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii	MIC well diffusion methodMBC model	[73]
		Flavonoids
		Carbohydrates

Rhazya stricta Decne.	Leaves	Alkaloids	Cell membrane disruption	MRSA, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, VRE	TEM analysis	[74]

Holarrhena antidysenterica		Conessine alkaloid	Efflux pump inhibition	P. aeruginosa	MIC model	[75]
					NPN uptake assay
					Active against RND family

Allium sativum L. (garlic)	Fruit	Allicin (sulfur-containing compound)		P. aeroginosa	MIC and MBC models	[76]
Allium sativum L. (garlic)	Fruit	Allicin (sulfur-containing compound)		P. aeroginosa	In vivo	[76]

Oxalis corniculata	Leaves			MDR Salmonella typhi	MIC and MBC well diffusion methods	[18]
Oxalis corniculata	Leaves			K. pneumoniae	MIC and MBC well diffusion methods	[18]

Coula edulis Baill.	Fruit	Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponin	Efflux pump inhibition	E. coli	MIC and MBC models	[77]
Coula edulis Baill.	Fruit	Cardiac glycosides	Efflux pump inhibition	K. pneumoniae	MIC and MBC models	[77]

Mangifera indica L.	Bark	Carotenoid	Efflux pump inhibition	P. aeruginosa	MIC and MBC models	[77]
		Tannin
		Catechin
		Polyphenol

Citrus sinensis	Peel	Polyphenol	Efflux pump inhibition	E. coli	MIC and MBC models	[77]
		Catechin
		Carbohydrates

Moringa oleifera Lam.	Leaves	Alkaloids,		P. aeruginosaKlebsiella spp.E. coli	MIC and MBC models	[78]
		Polyphenols
		Flavonoids
		Anthraquinones
		Coumarin
		Tannin, saponin
		Terpenes, sterols

Matricaria recutita L.	Flowers			P. aeruginosa	MIC and MBC model	[78]
				Klebsiella spp.
				E. coli

Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.	Bulb extract			S. aureusShigella boydii	MIC and MBC model	[79]
					Time kill study
					TLC-bioautography

Zanthoxylum alatum	Leaves, stem	Fenchol, linalool		E. coliK. pneumoniae	In vitro model	[80]
Zanthoxylum alatum	Leaves, stem	Fenchol, linalool		E. coliK. pneumoniae	MIC	[80]

Cinnamomum tamala	Leaves	Cinnamaldehyde		MDR-H. pylori	In vitro model	[80]

Ocimum sanctum L.	Leaves			S. aureus-resistant strains	In vitro model	[80]
Ocimum sanctum L.	Leaves			S. aureus-resistant strains	MIC	[80]

Zanthoxylum armatum DC.	Fruit			E. faecium	MIC	[81]
				S. aureus	Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay
				K. pneumoniae	δ-Toxin inhibition
				A. baumannii	Mammalian cytotoxicity study
				P. aeruginosa

Adiantum capillus-veneris L.	Whole plant			E. faecium	MIC	[82]
				S. aureus	Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay
				K. pneumoniae	δ-Toxin inhibition
				A. baumannii	Mammalian cytotoxicity study
				P. aeruginosa

Artemisia absinthium L.	Aerial parts			E. faecium	MIC	[82]
				S. aureus	Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay
				K. pneumoniae	δ-Toxin inhibition
				A. baumannii	Mammalian cytotoxicity study
				P. aeruginosa

Martynia annua L.	Fruit			E. faecium	MIC	[82]
				S. aureus	Biofilm and quorum sensitivity assay
				K. pneumoniae	δ-Toxin inhibition
				A. baumannii	Mammalian cytotoxicity study
				P. aeruginosa

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.	Whole plant			MRSA	MIC and MBC models	[82]
				Imipenem-resistant P. aeruginosa
				MDR- salmonella typhi

Ocimum basilicum L.		Phytol, cadinene		A. baumannii	MIC using broth microdilution technique	[83]
Ocimum basilicum L.		Phytol, cadinene		E. coli	MIC using broth microdilution technique	[83]

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews.		Phytol, camphor, verbenone		A. baumannii	MIC using broth microdilution technique	[83]
				K. pneumoniae
				E. coli
				P. aeruginosa

Rosmarinus officinalis L.		Phytol, camphor, verbenone		A. baumannii	MIC using broth microdilution technique	[83]
Rosmarinus officinalis L.		Phytol, camphor, verbenone		K. pneumoniae	MIC using broth microdilution technique	[83]

Myrtus communis L.	Seeds	Gallic acid		S. aureus	MIC model	[60]
		Ellagic acid		P. aeruginosa
		Flavonoids		E. coli
		Fatty acid, tannin		S. enteric

Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Leaves	Polyphenol		S. aureus	MIC model	[60]
				P. aeruginosa
				E. coli
				S. enteric

Syzygium legatii Burtt Davy & Greenway.	Leaves			E. coli	MICIn vitro toxicity study using Caco-2 cells	[84]
Syzygium legatii Burtt Davy & Greenway.
Eugenia zeyheri (Harv.) Harv.

Peganum harmala L.	Seeds	Alkaloids		MRSA	MICMTT assay using HEK-293 cells	[85]
		Harman, harmine
		Harmaline, harmalol

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.	Fruit & leaves	Alkaloids, saponin		P. aeruginosa	MIC model	[86]
		Tannin, flavonoids
		Phenols, coumarin, terpenes

Ficus sycomorus L.	Leaves	Flavonoids		A. baumannii	MIC and MBC models	[87]
Ficus sycomorus L.	Leaves	Phenols		Resistant S. aureus	MIC and MBC models	[87]
Syzigium cumini	Leaves	Alkaloids		MRSAE. coli	MIC and MBC models	[88]
		Flavonoids
		Terpenoids

Punica granatum L.	Peel	Ellagic tannin		P. aeruginosa	MIC and MBC models	[89]
		Ellagic acid
		Gallic acid

Camellia sinensis (green tea)	Leaves			MRSA	MIC model	[90]

Mentha longifolia (L.) L.	Arial part			VRE	MIC model	[90]

Croton macrostachyus hochst. ex Delile.	Leaves	Triterpenes		MRSA	MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method	[91]
		Sterols, polyphenols
		Saponins

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.	Leaves	Alkaloids, triterpenes		MRSA	MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method	[91]
		Sterols, flavonoids
		Polyphenols

Paullinia pinnata L.	Leaves	Triterpenes		MRSA	MIC and MBCBroth microdilution method	[91]
		Sterols, polyphenols
		Saponins

Anacardium occidentale L.	Leaves	Alkaloids, saponin		E. coliK. pneumoniae	MIC agar well diffusion method	[92]
		Flavonoids, tannin
		Phenol anthocyanin

Thymbra spicata L.	Arial parts	Carvacrol, thymol		E. coli	MIC and MBC microdilution method	[93]
Thymbra spicata L.	Arial parts	Camphor		E. coli	MIC and MBC microdilution method	[93]

Lawsonia inermis (henna)	Leaves	Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, anthraquinones		MRSA ATCC43300	MIC and MBC (agar well diffusion and colorimetric microdilution methods)	[94]
				K. pneumoniae
				ATCC700603
				P. aeruginosa ATCC37853

Azadirachta indica (neem)	Leaves	Alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids		MRSA ATCC43300	MIC and MBC (agar well diffusion and colorimetric microdilution methods)	[94]
				K. pneumoniae
				ATCC700603
				P. aeruginosa ATCC37853

Piper betle Linn.	Leaves			P. aeruginosa TISTR1287	Agar-disc diffusion method	[95]
Piper betle Linn.	Leaves			P. aeruginosa TISTR1287	Broth dilution assay (MIC and MBC)	[95]

Cistus salviifolius		Hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids (myricetin and quercetin)		MRSA	Disc-dilution method, microdilution method	[96]

Punica granatum		Hydrolysable tannins (punicalin and punicalagin)		MRSA	Disc-dilution method, microdilution method	[96]

Platanus hybrida	Fruits	Phenolic compounds		E. faecium, E. faecalisP. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae	Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method	[97]

Syzygium aromaticum	Flower buds			K. pneumoniaeS. aureus	Disc-diffusion method (MIC and MBC), scanning electron microscopy, DNA apoptosis	[98]

Acacia nilotica	Seeds			S. aureus	Disc-diffusion method (MIC and MBC), scanning electron microscopy, DNA apoptosis	[98]

^∗All bacteria strains are multidrug resistant.